tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83508361145796199412024-02-20T10:45:54.304+00:00PLASTICMENPLASTICPARTSanything to do with 54mm plastic soldiersUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger774125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-25862214163941723912015-05-31T16:04:00.001+01:002015-05-31T16:06:07.726+01:00amazing examples of courage<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1867, beneath a bluff a few miles from Carlsbad,</span><img src="http://52wednesdays.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Carlsbad-Caverns-NM-4.jpg" /> New Mexico, two Texas cattlemen—one of them a trail-hardened 52 year old, the other a 23-year-old roughneck—were fighting for their lives, surrounded by a marauding party of Comanches.<img src="http://www.soldatinitaliani.it/images/marche_nardi_2.gif" height="475" width="640" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If recorded at all, such an event would have been no more than a blip on the historical calendar of the American West, but this one—and its aftermath—turned out to be one of the most amazing examples of courage, loyalty and sheer grit in all the annals of the frontier.<img src="http://www.newtoysoldiers.it/e_commerce/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Xiloplasto-8.jpg" height="427" width="640" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Kentucky-born Oliver Loving was a remarkable cattleman-entrepreneur who, in 1858, partnered John Durkee in taking a herd from Palo Pinto County<img src="http://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/p/kera/files/styles/x_large/public/201408/StatePark4.jpeg" />in Texas to Chicago, Illinois, the very first such drive on the historical record. In 1859, he blazed another trail to Denver via Pueblo, Colorado,<img height="358" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS0h76RPkZonGkwjDwJuun3-nO7MULCEWm2FfkK7di1EPuxxFx-" width="640" /> and throughout the Civil War, he supplied the Confederacy with beef. In 1866, he teamed up with a 30-year-old cattleman named Charles Goodnight, well over 20 years his junior.<img src="http://www.yesterdish.com/wp-content/gallery/images-in-posts/2013-12-31-charles-goodnight.jpg" height="640" width="439" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">They put together a herd of 2,000 and blazed a new trail up the Pecos River<img src="http://www.texastejano.com/images/history/527/1_pecos_river.jpg" /> into New Mexico and on to Denver, Colorado. The following year, they started another herd west over the same route, striking the Pecos the latter part of June. About 100 miles upriver, Loving traveled ahead of the herd on horseback in order to bid on the contracts, which were to be let in July.<img src="http://www.southwestpaddler.com/images/Pecosmap51.gif" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Because Loving was impatient, even reckless, Goodnight not only insisted he be accompanied by one of Goodnight’s top men, Arkansas-born herder Bill Wilson, a who had already lost an arm somewhere in his 20-odd years, but also made Loving promise to ride only by night. After only two nights, however, Loving—who detested night riding—talked Wilson into changing tactics so they could proceed by daylight.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Loving probably didn’t have to work too hard: by all accounts—including this one—Wilson was a man ready to ride any river, with many stories spun about him. He was said (unreliably) to hold off a posse after one of his brothers, George, shot a sheriff in Palo Pinto County. The matter of his lost arm is also a moveable feast: it may have been bitten off by a mean horse before Wilson was five years old, or it may have been congenital. Another story claims a hay baler ripped it off, which would be historically inconsistent, since the injury happened before the 1860s.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Crossing the plain in broad daylight, the two riders, visible for miles, were spotted by a Comanche raiding party<img src="http://www.amren.com/ar/2010/07/01a-Comanche-War-Party.jpg" /> that came thundering after them. The cowmen made a four-mile run for the Pecos, spurring their horses over an incline and down to a sand dune at the foot of a bluff, where it formed a shallow cave open to view only from across the river. As the Comanches surrounded them, Loving and Wilson readied themselves for a fight to the death.<img src="http://www.yesterdish.com/wp-content/gallery/box-of-l-r-from-winston-salem-north-carolina/chuck-wagon-casserole.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Wilson was armed with a revolving six-shot rifle and saddle holsters as well as his own cap-and-ball six-shooter, while Loving had pistols and a Henry rifle. <img src="http://web.ivenue.com/cowboycabin/images/Gun1860Henry5.jpg" />The Comanches—Wilson estimated that they numbered several hundred—swarmed down the bluffs around them, but the first one who fired at the cowboys from across the river got shot by Loving, after which no others tried to open the ball.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Late in the evening, the drovers heard someone call from the bluff in Spanish. Realizing it could be a trap, but with the situation bordering on the hopeless, Wilson took a chance and stepped up on the dune to parley, with Loving behind him, Henry rifle in hand, his holsters across his arm. As Wilson stepped into view, Indians hidden in a clump of <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">carrizo</em>,<img src="http://www.nokeslandscapedesign.com/images/r87liv1sgvt5.jpg" /> or cane, opened fire, with one of their bullets smashing through Loving’s wrist and ploughing into his side. Wilson hastily fell back into the ditch, giving his attention to Loving. After staunching the bleeding, they readied themselves for a siege.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“The Comanches shot their arrows high into the air to make them fall at a sharp angle into the ditch, while Wilson and Loving hugged close to the low but perpendicular wall of the washout, and the arrows either stuck in the sand above them or passed over their backs into the other bank,” Goodnight told J. Evetts Haley in the 1920s. He would share the cowman’s life story in his 1936 book.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Next, Goodnight recalled, the Comanches tried bombarding their quarry with gravel, but that didn’t work either.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The evening wore into dusk; weak from loss of blood, Loving was racked with pain and fever. Wilson managed to get to the river and brought back a bootful of water for the suffering man, but Loving’s condition worsened, and he implored Wilson to escape, if possible, and carry the story of his fate downriver to Goodnight and to his family. “I’ll stand the Comanches off the best I can,” he told Wilson, “but rather than be taken and tortured to death, I will shoot myself and fall into the river. If the Indians leave me and I find strength enough to travel, I’ll head downstream a couple of miles and hide.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Wilson agreed to make the attempt. They calculated carefully; if he could hold out for a day and a half, he would have a good chance of meeting the advancing Goodnight.</span><img src="http://www.truewestmagazine.com/jcontent/images/stories/Sep-2013/Sep-13_loving-goodnight_slideshow/the-great-cattle-trail-by-edward-s-ellis.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“He spread their five six-shooters and Goodnight’s rifle by Loving’s sound arm, but took the Henry and its metallic cartridges, which would be unaffected by water, for to escape by the river was his only chance,” Goodnight said. “When the moon went down, he told Loving goodbye, moved to the mouth of the gully, and divesting himself of his clothing, hid his clothes in one place, and his knife, which dropped from his pocket, in another, all beneath the water. He pulled off everything but his hat, drawers and undershirt, which he hoped would protect him from the sun, and slipped into the treacherous stream.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The river was quite sandy and difficult to swim in, Wilson recalled, “so I had to pull off all of my clothes except my hat, shirt and breeches.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">He nearly drowned, trying to hold on to the rifle with his one hand, so he “leaned it up against the bank of the river, under the water, where the Comanches would not find it,” Wilson said. “Then I went down the river about a hundred yards, and saw an Indian sitting on his horse out in the river, with the water almost over the horse’s back. He was sitting there splashing the water with his foot, just playing. I got under some smart weeds and drifted by until I got far enough below the Indian where I could get out. Then I made a three days’ march barefooted. Everything in that country had stickers in it. On my way I picked up the small end of a tepee pole which I used for a walking stick.”</span><img src="http://bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnews.com/stltoday.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/5/b2/5b22712d-8610-5a1f-8792-7d9cfc89352f/5196c9f41981e.preview-620.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On the last night of his slow and painful journey, he was followed by wolves all night. “I would give out, just like a horse, and lay down in the road and drop off to sleep and when I would awaken the wolves would he all around me, snapping and snarling. I would take up that stick, knock the wolves away, get started again and the wolves would follow behind. I kept that up until daylight, when the wolves quit me,” Wilson recalled. “About 12 o’clock on that last day, I crossed a little mountain and knew the boys ought to be right in there somewhere with the cattle. I found a little place, a sort of cave, that afforded protection from the sun, and I could go no further <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[sic]</em>. After a short time the boys came along with the cattle and found me.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">During their earlier drive to Denver, Loving and Goodnight had discovered a valley about two miles long and a mile wide close to the New Mexico line, near the upper end of which were some gravel hills; in one of them, a cave extended back 10 or 15 feet, which they marked as a splendid hiding place for Comanches planning a surprise attack.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“[I] was…watching carefully for Indians,” Goodnight remembered, “suspecting they might be behind the hill, [when] I saw a man come out of the cave and go back into it.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Goodnight gave orders for the herd to be held and for the men to be ready for a fight. When Wilson came out of the cave, a quarter of a mile away, and gave the old frontier signal, ‘Come here,’ Goodnight said he “knew positively that it was Wilson, and…I immediately put the horse down to full speed and went to him. For a few moments he seemed unable to talk, probably overwhelmed with emotion, knowing his life was saved at last.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">With what was left of his underwear, saturated with red sediment from the river, Wilson was the “most terrible object I ever saw,” Goodnight said. “His eyes were wild and bloodshot, his feet were swollen beyond all reason, and every step he took left blood in the track. I inquired about Loving, but he could scarcely make a reply, and what he did mutter was entirely unintelligible. I put him on my horse and got him to the herd as soon as possible…I tore up a blanket, wet it, wrapped his feet to remove the fever and then made him a light gruel of meal, which I gave him at intervals for about an hour. By then he was perfectly himself. I asked him for particulars and he told me in detail of the trip and the attack by the Indians.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“When Wilson finished his story, I decided to start immediately.… We rode the rest of the evening and all that night. It not only rained, but it rained torrents, and was so dark at times we were forced to halt. When I reached the place where Wilson told me he had left the trail, I recognized it easily from his description, although the plains were unmarked, or would have appeared so to the untrained. Besides his description, the place was distinguished by the fact that a bunch of Comanches had again come out of the mountains and passed over the same trail they had taken when chasing the two men. Their tracks seemed as fresh as ours, and we supposed they were under the bluffs still trying to get Mr. Loving…[but] when we got to the top of the bluff, there was not an Indian in sight.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“In a moment, I found where Mr. Loving had been in the ditch, which was now half filled with stones, and its banks perforated with probably a hundred arrow shafts, though the Indians had gathered the arrow[head]s before leaving. I knew they had not got him, as there was ample evidence that they had been hunting for him everywhere. We searched down the river…but…no tracks could be found. I believed he had carried out his threat; that he had shot himself and floated down the river, the torrent obliterating all traces. After dark the party sadly made its way back to the herd and again took the trail.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">But Loving was not dead.<img src="https://tpwd.texas.gov/education/resources/keep-texas-wild/vaqueros-and-cowboys/images-1/oliver_loving.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After Wilson left, the Comanches had continued to shower Loving’s position with rocks, and they tunneled through the dune to within a few feet of where he lay, but lacked the courage to get closer. Racked with hunger and the fever of his wounds, he somehow managed to keep his attackers at bay, but few men could endure a shot-shattered wrist and three foodless days and sleepless nights without collapse. In spite of his age, however, Loving was blessed with an iron constitution. When no help showed up, he followed Wilson’s lead. On the third night, he crawled into the water and started upstream, instead of downstream, hoping to reach the trail crossing [present-day Carlsbad] about six miles above, where some passerby might help him.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“At last he gained the crossing and lay down in the shade…about four feet above the water,” Goodnight told Haley. “He attempted to shoot some birds that came into the trees, but the river had soaked his powder and caps, and the guns were useless. He tried to eat his buckskin gloves, but could not kindle a fire to parch them to a crisp, and again settled back to wait. For two days and nights he stayed there, too weak to move, but satisfying his thirst by tying his handkerchief to a stick and dipping it in the river below. On the third day his superb endurance broke and he sank into a stupor.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Three Mexicans and a German boy, in a wagon drawn by three yoke of oxen,<img src="http://www.telusplanet.net/public/clcjmuir/Photos/Smallwagons/CWagonOxen.jpg" /> passing through on their way to Texas, stopped at the crossing to prepare their dinner. The boy…found Loving, apparently asleep.… He was taken to the wagon, where the Mexicans prepared him some atole,<img src="http://cocina.linio.com.mx/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/large.jpg" /> similar to our corn meal mush...after which he offered them $250 to take him to Sumner, about 150 miles away.”<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Fort_Sumner.jpg" /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Meanwhile Goodnight’s herd kept moving north. “About two weeks after this,” Wilson said, “we met a party coming from Fort Sumner, and they told us Loving was at Fort Sumner.</span><img alt="Fort Sumner, NM : Ft Sumner" src="http://pics4.city-data.com/cpicv/vfiles35877.jpg" /> The bullet which had penetrated his side did not prove fatal, and the next night after I had left him, he got into the river and drifted by the Indians as I had done, crawled out and lay in the weeds all the next day. The following night he made his way to the road where it struck the river, hoping to find somebody traveling that way. He remained there for five days, being without anything to eat for seven days. Finally some Mexicans came along and he hired them to take him to Fort Sumner.”<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ft_sumner_nm.jpg/250px-Ft_sumner_nm.jpg" height="481" width="640" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Some 30 miles from Fort Sumner, a courier brought Goodnight the news that although Loving was alive, gangrene had set in and his arm needed to be amputated. “Loving did not want the operation performed unless I was there,” Goodnight said, “as he feared he might not survive it.... The old doctor was in Santa Fe…and the young doctor put me off from day to day with various excuses.... Fortunately I found him at the hospital alone, and told him briefly and in no uncertain words that I presumed he was putting me off because we were rebels, and that he must now operate or make wounds on me.”</span></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The doctor performed the amputation, and Loving seemed to be doing well. Just to be on the safe side, Goodnight paid a man (reportedly Winfield Scott Moore) $500 to ride to Las Vegas and bring back Dr. John H. Shout; they arrived two days later only to find out that Loving had suffered a relapse. “In spite of neglect, starvation and punishment he lived for 22 days, perfectly rational to the last, [when] his mind turned back to Texas,” Goodnight recalled, “and at last he said, ‘I regret to have to be laid away in a foreign country.’ I assured him that he need have no fears, that I would see his remains were laid in the cemetery at home [in Weatherford, Texas].</span><img src="http://images.topix.com/gallery/up-ICBQUERKQ9EV5FH3.jpg" /> He felt that this would be impossible, but I told him it would be done.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Loving died on September 25, 1867, and his body was temporarily buried in a simple wooden casket at Fort Sumner. Four months later, Goodnight returned.</span></span></div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Riding Shotgun Over a Tin Casket</span></strong></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Transporting the remains of his friend back to Texas would be a daunting task, but the cattleman was determined to keep his promise. Gathering scattered oil cans from about the fort, his cowboys beat them out, soldered them together and made an immense tin casket. Inside this, they placed the rough, wooden one, several inches of powdered charcoal packed around it, sealed the tin lid and crated the whole in lumber. They lifted a wagon bed from its bolsters and carefully loaded the sarcophagus on to it. On February 8, 1868, with six big mules strung out in harness, the rough-hewn cowmen from Texas rode ahead and behind the strangest and most affecting funeral cavalcade in the history of the cow country, bringing Oliver Loving home. “The Pecos—the graveyard of the cowman’s hopes,” Goodnight humanized the bleak terrain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Down the relentless Pecos and across the implacable Plains, the [388-mile] journey was singularly peaceful,” Goodnight told Haley. “Through miles of grazing buffaloes, they approached the Cross Timbers,<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jack_County.JPG/300px-Jack_County.JPG" height="480" width="640" /> reached the settlements and at last delivered the body to the Masonic Lodge at Weatherford, Texas, where it was buried [in Greenwood Cemetery] with fraternal honors.”<img height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0SEIFMTpigNDULgn8pVe65YlhnsPxrLe-hxtt35iYwybnkadhSDNbrpU4b1-amr_IzURNnrlVp0pDZ29hf656svDRyxyOm_ewiTi7aRNq7_fZcI03waONoRwL7er8KiGsO5Q5Z6bJStI/s640/greenwoodlittledrummerboy.jpg" width="480" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 18px;">http://www.yesterdish.com/2014/01/01/great-beef-and-macaroni-casserole/</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="line-height: 22px;">The most legendary culinary job in all of American history is probably the cattle drive cook, or “cookie.” While kids looked up to cowboys, cowboys looked up to the cook. You’d never know it from the way Hollywood has portrayed the wagon cook, which is either as an unreliable flake or a feeble old man, and always as subservient to the cowhands.</span><img src="http://thisistrovegeneralstore.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/chuckwagon1.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The reality was <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">exactly the opposite</em>. The wagon cook was usually one of the toughest men on the drive. He had to wake up hours before the cowhands to make breakfast and stayed up later to secure the chuck wagon (chuck being a slang word for food, like chow). When the herd was being driven from location to location, he rode ahead on the wagon to set up a meal at the next stop, facing any dangers–human, animal, or environmental–either alone or with minimal support.<img alt="Risultati immagini per cattle drive food" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A Cookie not only maintained all of the food for the drive; as he had one of the few wagons on the ride, he kept many of the tools, much of the ammunition, and all of the money to be distributed along the way. He’d also have whatever medical supplies came along for the ride and was expected to know how to use them.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">And it didn’t hurt if he knew how to cook, too.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The cook held the success or failure of the drive in his hands. But because of the diverse skill-sets required, it was a tricky job to fill, and one that commanded a salary that hovered around double the salary of the other cowboys on the ride. A Cookie would be second in command to the trail boss, and even the trail boss had to maintain a degree of deference to his Cookie’s decisions.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(A trail boss was in charge of a wagon cook in the same way that a restaurant patron is in charge of his waiter. Imagine the results of upsetting the waiter at a meal, then imagine this is the only restaurant in town, the waiter gets to order for you, and you have to eat three meals a day for sixteen weeks. Under these circumstances, you would rapidly come to discover the value of being <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">extremely polite</em> in issuing directives.)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The wagon cook was the Renaissance man of the cattle drive, and the chuck wagon was his workshop. At least, after it was invented in 1866 by Charles Goodnight.</span></span></div>
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<div class="ngg-gallery-singlepic-image ngg-right" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; float: right; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px auto 1em 10px; max-width: 225px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">If you’ve studied any amount of cowboy (or Texas) history, you’ve probably read about Charles Goodnight. For lack of a better descriptor, he was a real-life composite of every character John Wayne ever played: rugged, quiet, hard-working, impossibly accomplished, and basically decent, despite rough edges and a preference for justice over the rule of law.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">He was born in Illinois on March 5, 1836, the day before the fall of the Alamo. His family moved to Texas when he was nine, just before Texas was granted statehood. (Yes, I know Wikipedia says he arrived in 1846. I don’t know what to tell you. My sources say 1845.)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Before the Civil War, he worked as a cowboy, fought Comanche in a town militia, and became a Texas Ranger. When war broke out, he enlisted in the Confederate army.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(While some people called him “Colonel,” it was most likely an honorific. There’s no evidence he achieved a rank any higher than private in anything I’ve been able to find.)<img alt="2013-12-31-goodnight-loving-trail" src="http://www.yesterdish.com/wp-content/gallery/images-in-posts/dynamic/2013-12-31-goodnight-loving-trail.jpg-nggid043373-ngg0dyn-580x0x100-00f0w010c010r110f110r010t010.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">To accomplish this ride, Goodnight decided there was a better way to carry provisions than what he’d been accustomed to. Before the chuck wagon, trail food was whatever a cowboy could fit in his saddlebags, which tended to mean a lot of jerky and dry biscuits for the 12 to 16 week trip.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">To improve life on the trail, Goodnight created the chuck box, a tall collection of shelves and drawers covered by a hinged piece of wood. The shelves and drawers would carry dry provisions. When loaded on the back of a wagon, the hinged cover folded down and legs folded out to form a table upon which the wagon cook could prepare meals.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">When you ask an average American to name a covered wagon, you’re likely to get one answer–the famous, massive Conestoga wagon, the used by pioneers going West in the 18th and early 19th centuries. That’s <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">not</em> a chuck wagon. Apart from being separated by about 50 years, a Conestoga wagon could carry up to eight tons. The category of wagons used as chuck wagons tended to max out around one ton.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In short, chuck wagons have more in common with red Radio Flyer wagons than they do with Conestoga wagons.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The original chuck wagon was a U.S. Army Civil War surplus wagon built by Indiana’s Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company, better known for manufacturing cars from 1905 to the mid-1960s. The inside of the wagon was used for storage, and while the chuck box was the focal point of the wagon, its entire function was converted to logistics and support for the cattle drive. Kindling would be suspended on a tarp underneath the wagon; water would be kept in barrels carried alongside; cupboards toward the front would carry tools for fixing everything from a horse’s shoes to a human’s bite.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A water-resistant cloth would be stretched over the top of the wagon to protect the provisions inside. When making camp, this would typically be peeled off for easy access to the contents of the wagon; in some configurations, it could be peeled back from the front bows and supported with legs behind the wagon to become a lean-to awning over the food preparation area. And when it was in this configuration, it was, in essence, the beating heart of the camp, the position around which all other decisions were made.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The wagon needed its own fire, so a flat, dry, and clear section of land would be required. That part was typically easy. But then, the entry of the camp had to be far enough from the chuck wagon that no dust would be kicked up and enter the food. No horses could be hitched too near the wagon (let alone <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">to</em> it) in case something spooked them and the wagon was spoiled.</span></span></div>
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<a class="shutterset_913229c76a29a5bffad068fd22b377a0" data-description="Chuck wagon near Ashland, Kansas, 1898." data-image-id="3375" data-src="http://www.yesterdish.com/wp-content/gallery/images-in-posts/2013-12-31-irwin-brothers.jpg" data-thumbnail="http://www.yesterdish.com/wp-content/gallery/images-in-posts/thumbs/thumbs_2013-12-31-irwin-brothers.jpg" data-title="2013-12-31-irwin-brothers" href="http://www.yesterdish.com/wp-content/gallery/images-in-posts/2013-12-31-irwin-brothers.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self" title="Chuck wagon near Ashland, Kansas, 1898."><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="2013-12-31-irwin-brothers" class="ngg-singlepic" src="http://www.yesterdish.com/wp-content/gallery/images-in-posts/dynamic/2013-12-31-irwin-brothers.jpg-nggid043375-ngg0dyn-580x0x100-00f0w010c010r110f110r010t010.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px -8px; max-width: 800px; padding: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="2013-12-31-irwin-brothers" width="580" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">But once all of those requirements were satisfied, the food produced from the wagon would be whatever could be made from things carried along the trial. All of that said… what <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">did</em>the Cookie have at his disposal?<img src="http://www.andreaeurope.com/fotos/andrea/detallegran/S4-S11-01.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cornmeal, coffee, lard, tobacco, dried beans, dried beef and salt pork were omnipresent essentials–if any of them wasn’t available, the drive would likely wait to stock them before moving onward. If white flour was available, that’d be stocked, too, along with a sourdough starter; this tended to be more common on the Western portions of the trail and less common in Texas. Dried raisins, dates, and prunes would be around, along with “airtights”–canned goods, most frequently tomatoes.<img src="http://images.frpgames.org/products/product_51598.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Along the way, cowboys would sometimes happen upon game birds or rabbits, but it wasn’t a priority and there wasn’t a great deal of organized hunting going on. If a town was available, other than restocking the wagon, the most frequently obtained “treats” tended to be milk, buttermilk, spices, and beef.<img alt="Battle of the Little Big Horn 54mm TSSD Mounted Indian Warriors 12 Piece Set" src="http://www.prestoimages.net/store30/rd392/392_pd1621128_8.jpg" height="640" width="640" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(Another strange assumption people make is that there was a lot of beef on cattle drives. There was dried beef, it’s true, but it’s not like anyone was butchering a calf along the trail. This was almost entirely because of the extra time it would take–actually, in the early years of drives, a calf born <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">en route</em> was killed and left just to avoid having it slow down the herd. Eventually, Goodnight developed a wagon specifically to carry the calves to market.)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By the way, Charles Goodnight had a long life after this invention, and would ultimately come to outlive it. He became an employee and partner in the JA Ranch, the first ranch in the Texas panhandle,<img src="http://updatethemetroplex.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Bitter-Creek-Ranch-0-Highway-70-79237-Briggs-Freeman-Sothebys-luxury-home-for-sale-in-Dallas-Fort-Worth-fence.jpg" /> which at one point covered over a million acres, before starting his own ranch. He’d use some of his wealth to start a school, Goodnight College,<img alt="Goodnight College 1899 class photo , Texas " src="http://www.texasescapes.com/TexasPanhandleTowns/GoodnightTexas/GoodnightTexasCollegeClass1899LanceInghamSloan020907.jpg" height="608" width="640" /> which would close in 1916, and the now-abandoned town of Goodnight, Texas was named after him.<img src="http://photoresearch.beethomas.com/wp-content/main/2011_10/DSC_0580a.jpg" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After his wife’s death in April 1926, he took ill. He’d been corresponding with Corrine Goodnight, a distant cousin who was a nurse in her 20s,<img src="http://www.texasescapes.com/TexasPanhandleTowns/GoodnightTexas/GoodnightTXPedenHome4c.jpg" /> which started because they noticed they had the same name. She came to take care of him. In March of 1927–two years before he died–Charles Goodnight expressed the desire that Corinne inherit his estate, so the 91-year-old Charles married the 27-year-old Corinne, giving her the improbable name of Corinne Goodnight Goodnight, which sounds more like a Bond girl than a deeply religious nurse.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">So, given all of this information, how does this recipe fit in?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Looking at the recipe on this card, very few of these items were available to a chuck wagon. In fact, one of them in particular didn’t even exist in the States until there weren’t any wagon trails: corn chips.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By the end of the 19th century, long-distance cattle drives were unnecessary; enough rail had been laid that move cattle by railroad was cheaper and easier. Meanwhile, corn chips made from fried masa (which we’ve talked about a lot, most recently in the post for<a href="http://www.yesterdish.com/2013/12/23/yesterdishs-hot-tamales/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Yesterdish’s Hot Tamales">Yesterdish’s Hot Tamales</a>) entered the U.S. market in 1932, when San Antonio’s Elmer Doolin bought a local recipe for the snacks from Mexico-born Gustavo Olquin, who called them little fried things, or <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">fritas</em>. Doolin named his company the Frito Corporation… but that’s another story.Tamales are a Christmastime tradition in Mexico and in the Latino community here in the U.S., where friends and families will gather together in a <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tamalada</em>, a tamal-making party.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(By the way, I’ll likely use both <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tamal</em> and<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tamale</em> to refer to these items in the singular. While tamal is technically correct and the word tamale emerged because English doesn’t pluralize the same way Spanish does, I’ve heard tamale for too many years for it to sound strange to me.)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A tamalada is a lot like a cookie-decorating party; it distributes a labor-intensive job among a group of friends and family in a way that makes it seem like it’s not work at all. Children learn the family traditions and secret recipes while aunts and uncles comment on how big they’re getting. It’s also an exceptionally old tradition.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">These are only suggested fillings. If a diversity of fillings was good enough for the Aztecs, then it’s good enough for me.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We talked about the Aztecs and the process of making nixtamalized corn in the recipe for<a href="http://www.yesterdish.com/2013/07/12/tortillas/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Tortillas">tortillas</a> from Ceres, California. If you need a refresher on nixtamalization, read that, first; if not, let’s move on. The Aztecs were making various types of tamales at least as far back as 5,000 B.C., which was when they started cultivating corn.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">While nixtamalization made the corn easier to eat and more nutritious–which is important for a culture that relies on its warriors for survival–warriors couldn’t very well just stop in the jungle and start the elaborate process of making </span><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">nixtamal</em><span style="line-height: 22px;"> (the Aztec word for the processed corn, which, semi-obviously, the process was named after).</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Instead, the nixtamal would be wrapped in a corn husk (or banana leaf or avocado leaf), tied shut, and then could be heated in the coals of the fire or eaten on the go. From that basic framework, the Aztecs produced a diversity of tamales. By using a variety of meats, vegetables, fruits, and nuts, tamales could be energy bars, protein bars, or even granola bars of a sort, depending on what the maker thought was required at a given time.</span></span></div>
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<a class="shutterset_36430cc79e7a449bcbad5a60dc288730" data-description="" data-image-id="3297" data-src="http://www.yesterdish.com/wp-content/gallery/yesterdish-originals/tamales_tied.jpg" data-thumbnail="http://www.yesterdish.com/wp-content/gallery/yesterdish-originals/thumbs/thumbs_tamales_tied.jpg" data-title="tamales_tied" href="http://www.yesterdish.com/wp-content/gallery/yesterdish-originals/tamales_tied.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_self" title=""><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="tamales_tied" class="ngg-singlepic" src="http://www.yesterdish.com/wp-content/gallery/yesterdish-originals/dynamic/tamales_tied.jpg-nggid043297-ngg0dyn-300x0x100-00f0w010c010r110f110r010t010.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px -8px; max-width: 800px; padding: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="tamales_tied" width="300" /></span></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="line-height: 22px;">In Mexico, that diversity still exists. In Veracruz, tamales are made with pork, fresh corn, and an aromatic called </span><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hoja santa</em><span style="line-height: 22px;">, or sacred leaf,which tastes sort of like a mixture of tarragon and nutmeg. In Sinaloa, there’s a variety with sweet beans and pineapple. And in Michoacan, they make an iteration called </span><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">corundas</em><span style="line-height: 22px;">, which are unfilled nixtamal wrapped in green corn leaves to make a triangular shape that resembles </span><em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">onigiri</em><span style="line-height: 22px;">, Japanese rice balls.</span><img alt="2013-12-23-corundas" src="http://www.yesterdish.com/wp-content/gallery/images-in-posts/dynamic/2013-12-23-corundas.jpg-nggid043315-ngg0dyn-250x0x100-00f0w010c010r110f110r010t010.jpg" /></span></span><br />
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Chuck Wagon Casserole</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1 lb. ground beef<br />1/2 cup chopped celery<br />1/2 cup chopped onion<br />1/4 cup diced green pepper<br />1 can (6 oz.) tomato paste<br />1/2 cup water<br />1 Tablespoon chili powder<br />1 teaspoon salt<br />1 teaspoon paprika<br />2 cups (1 lb. can) drained lima beans<br />2 cups (1 lb. can) pork and beans</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In a large skillet, brown ground beef. Add celery, onion, and green pepper; cook until vegetables are tender; drain. Add tomato paste, water, chili powder, salt, paprika, and beans. Simmer while preparing topping; see below.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Transfer hot meat mixture to casserole, if desired. Place biscuits around edge of fry pan or casserole, sealed edge facing center, on hot meat mixture. Bake in a 425 degree oven for 15 to 20 minutes or until biscuits are golden brown.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Topping</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">5 ounces American or Cheddar cheese, cut into 10 half-inch cubes<br />1 can (8 oz.) buttermilk or country style biscuits<br />2 tablespoons milk<br />2 cups corn chips, crushed</span></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Separate biscuit dough into 10 biscuits. Place a cheese cube in the middle of each biscuit; fold in half; firmly press edges to seal. Dip biscuits in milk and coat both sides with crushed corn chips.<span style="line-height: normal;">When the Spaniards came to the New World in the 1500's, they brought along cattle -- live cattle. A live cow would remain in eating condition a lot longer than one cut up into portions and stowed in the hold of a slow ship.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Naturally, over the years a few of the cows and a bull or two escaped from captivity and adapted to the conditions of the South Texas brush country. Eventually they became the famous Longhorns. They were mean, lean and could live off discarded cardboard boxes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Long before the Civil War, residents of Texas were making cattle drives into Louisiana, especially New Orleans. This was much against the law, but a man has to feed his family. After the Civil War, the folks up north developed a preference for beef over the pigs they had been eating since they came here. The Texans, quick to realize that a few bucks could be made, started thinking about getting cows up north. There were no railroads or interstate highways, so the best way to get a cow to the railhead in Abilene, Kansas was to let her walk. Thus began the storied cattle drives.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The trail drive cowboys were just as tough as the cows they prodded along, but even a tough cowboy has to eat once in a while. The first trail drives were pretty basic affairs. Each cowboy was in charge of bringing his own breakfast, dinner and supper. The menu wasn't fancy; most of the cowboys brought some salt, some coffee and a sack of either pone or hard biscuits. If some wild game was found along the way, it did not go to waste.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">When the demand for beef on the hoof grew much larger, the ranchers soon found they could attract a lot better class of cowboy if they fed them a decent fare. It was impractical for each rider to carry his own supplies, so a wagon was employed. The first wagons on the trail were just wagons that hauled the food and provided a place to haul the cowboys' bedding and associated tack.<b>Charles Goodnight</b>, one of the leaders of the trail drive era is given credit for designing the chuck wagon in its present form. Mr. Goodnight added heavy-duty running gear to the wagon and built a cook's cabinet on the rear. The cabinet had many compartments for holding various things needed for cooking, as well as a fold-down door that served as the cook's work table.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The chuck wagon cook was second in command on the trail drive. In his domain, which was the wagon and a 60-foot radius around it, he was <em>the</em> boss, and no one crossed him. It was said that if a chuck wagon cook was not fractious, he just had not been cooking long enough.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The cooks also served as doctors, gravediggers (if their doctoring didn't take) and equipment repairmen. This could include anything from shoeing a horse to sewing up a cowboy's ripped jeans. It was not a specialized job. The cook was so important to the success of the trail drive that he was paid more than the regular cowboy, and the boss would tolerate behavior that would have sent an ordinary hand packing. When the cowboys were well fed and comfortable, they worked a lot better than they did if their needs were not satisfied. The most important thing that came from the chuck wagon and the cook was coffee. The cowboys could manage most any situation if there was enough strong, black coffee.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Chuck Wagon Food</span></span></h2>
<i class="quote" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid maroon; float: right; font-weight: bolder; line-height: normal; margin: 10px; padding: 10px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px -2px 3px; width: 383.5px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The cowboys could manage most any situation if there was enough strong, black coffee.</span></span></i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: normal;">The first trail coffee came as green coffee beans that had to be roasted before they could be ground and made into coffee. In </span><time datetime="1865" style="line-height: normal;">1865</time><span style="line-height: normal;">, John and Charles Arbuckle, who were grocers in Pittsburgh, patented a process for roasting coffee beans and treating the roasted beans with a mix of egg white and sugar to preserve freshness. The coffee made from these pre-roasted beans was an immediate success and is still available today. The usual coffee formula on the trail was one handful of ground coffee per cup of water. It was often called "six shooter coffee", as it was strong enough to float a six shooter.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Next on the list of trail essentials was a constant supply of sourdough biscuits. The cowboys preferred biscuits to bread in loaves. The cook guarded his sourdough crock zealously. It contained yeast -- a living thing that required warmth and feeding. On cold nights, the cook would sleep with his sourdough crock to keep it warm.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Beans made up a large portion of the cowboy's diet. Usually they were pinto beans, and occasionally a red bean would slip in. The beans were originally known as frijoles. Soon frijoles came to mean any beans. Beans were a favorite with all as they were cheap, easy to transport, they kept well in the dried state and were filling. The cook added a bit of salt pork to make them flavorfulBean cooking has not changed over the years. The night before cooking, the beans are picked through to remove any rocks or other debris. They soak overnight and then go on slow fire until they are tender. This usually took three to four hours. They could be and would be served morning, noon or night.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Given coffee, sourdough and beans, the cowboy could survive and work, but for maximum performance there had to be more in his diet.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The subject of the type and amount of meat in the cowboy's diet is open for discussion. The whole operation was centered around a couple of thousand prime beeves on the hoof. I doubt there were fresh steaks every day, but when it did occur, the killing would take place in the evening so the meat could cool in the night air. The next morning, the supply of beef would be wrapped in insulating material such as the cowboys' bedrolls to keep it cool. The next evening, it would be unwrapped and cooled again. The meat still didn't keep very well. As it began to age, it was used in stew or chili.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The better chuck wagon cooks would prepare treats for their cowboys as often as required. Sometimes the treats were just to build good relations between the wagon cook and the wranglers, and sometimes to reward a particular wrangler or wranglers for a good deed.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We are about out of space for this month. Tune in next month for <a class="link2" href="http://www.texascooking.com/features/oct2009-chuck-wagon-cooking2.htm">Part Two</a> of "Cooking for Cowboys" when we will have more cattle drive lore and maybe some authentic recipes from the Old West.</span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-79666819572503901212015-05-23T07:41:00.002+01:002015-05-23T07:41:41.880+01:00nap cavalry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-3226414884317009692015-05-23T07:39:00.001+01:002015-05-23T07:40:23.264+01:00british cavalry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-92186482770200200642015-05-20T15:56:00.001+01:002015-05-20T15:56:38.275+01:00grand coulee washington<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img src="http://www.bentler.us/eastern-washington/plants/shrubs/stiff-sagebrush-grand-coulee.jpg" height="480px" width="640px" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;">Spanish explorers Bruno Heceta (Hezeta y Dudagoita) and Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, sailing north from Mexico, explored the coast of Washington in 1775. <img src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/151/340515132_e5c12222cc.jpg" height="500px" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="375px" /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;">On July 12, 1775, a small group lands at the future Grenville Bay and claims the Pacific Northwest for Spain. Later that day seven of Heceta's crewmen become the first Europeans to die in the future state of Washington when they are killed by Quinault warriors while attempting to land. Heceta names the place Punta de los Martires (Point of the Martyrs). The two vessels continue north. On the return trip, on August 17, 1775, Heceta maps the Washington coast including the mouth of the Columbia River, but does not enter the Great River.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-60009134585357550552015-05-19T12:24:00.002+01:002015-05-19T12:24:50.519+01:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="4041206" lang="en"><img src="http://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-d4OnfOdBIq4/TXI2kmLLebI/AAAAAAAABLM/6PO5xyU6iWc/s1600/__hr_Sepoys+1857.jpg" /></span><br />
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<span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="4041206" lang="en"><i>Above Airfix conversions </i></span><br />
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<span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="4041206" lang="en">The term "sepoy" or "sipāhi" is derived from the Persian word "sipāh" meaning "army".</span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="19210516" lang="en"> In its most common application Sepoy was the term used in the British Indian Army, and earlier in that of the British East India Company, for an infantry private (a cavalry trooper was a Sowar).</span><br />
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<img src="http://geopolicraticus.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/sepoy-mutiny.jpg%3Fw%3D460%26h%3D301" height="418" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /></div>
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<span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="3334617" lang="en">A painting showing a Sowar (Sepoy), 6th Madras Light Cavalry of British India. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="27796431" lang="en">Circa 1845.The term sepoy came into use in the forces of the British East India Company in the eighteenth century, where it was one of many, such as peons, gentoos, mestees and topassess used for various categories of native soldiers. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="4685447" lang="en">Initially it referred to Hindu or Muslim soldiers without regular uniform or discipline. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="5556928" lang="en">It later generically referred to all native soldiers in the service of the European powers in India.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNydIwzeTmzyPoOkh-YPiEfuaWq3hT5IvhcxD-ASfN7tPYZCHA6yp1as8H9OmGtcSja7wShxSDgEgReCvJlxHtfYw01ST3CQAdmVm-sZz7qxouZntEYylMyiP-0I5nxu_awfAsOtbe8S0/s1600/002.JPG" /></div>
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<span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="75231" lang="en"> </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="25323103" lang="en">Sepoys in British serviceInitially the British recruited sepoys from the local communities in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies, the emphasis being on recruits having adequate physique and being of sufficient caste. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="9952202" lang="en">In the Bengal Army however, recuitment was only amongst high caste Brahman and Rajput communities of erstwhile Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="7028671" lang="en">Recruitment was done locally by battalions or regiments often from the same community, village and even family. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="5653713" lang="en">The commanding officer of a battalion became a form of substitute for the village chief or "gaon bura". </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="4388995" lang="en">He was the "mai-baap" or the "father and mother" of the sepoys making up the "paltan" (unit). </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="12163645" lang="en">There were many family and community ties amongst the troops and numerous instances where family members enlisted in the same battalion or regiment. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="3407690" lang="en">The "izzat" or honour of the unit was represented by the regimental colours; </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="2680041" lang="en">the new sepoy having to swear an oath in front of them on enlistment. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="5113498" lang="en">These colours were stored in honour in the quarter guard and frequently paraded before the men. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="1027910" lang="en">They formed a rallying point in battle. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="9406683" lang="en">The oath of fealty by the sepoy was given to the East India Company and included a pledge of faithfulness to the salt that one has eaten</span></div>
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<span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="14706601" lang="en">The salary of the sepoys employed by the East India Company, while not substantially greater than that paid by the rulers of Indian states, was usually paid regularly. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="6150287" lang="en">Advances could be given and family allotments from pay due were permitted when the troops served abroad. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="2156492" lang="en">There was a commisariat and regular rations were provided. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="9693567" lang="en">Weapons, clothing and ammunition were provided centrally, in contrast to the soldiers of local kings whose pay was often in arrears. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="7774585" lang="en">In addition local rulers usually expected their sepoys to arm themselves and to sustain themselves through plunder.</span></div>
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<span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="25616734" lang="en">This combination of factors led to the development of a sense of shared honour and ethos amongst the well drilled and disciplined Indian soldiery who formed the key to the success of European feats of arms in India and abroad.</span><img src="http://www.miniaturefigurines.co.uk/images/catalogue/3BND.jpg" /></div>
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<span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="13898170" lang="en">Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the surviving East India Company regiments were merged into a new Indian Army under the direct control of the British Crown. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="17271878" lang="en">The designation of "sepoy" was retained for Indian soldiers below the rank of Lance-naik, except in cavalry and rifle regiments where the equivalent ranks were "sowar" or "rifleman".</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/A_Mughal_Infantryman.jpg" /></div>
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<span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="39985179" lang="en">Following the formation of the French East India Company (Compagnie des Indes) in 1719, companies of Indian sepoys (cipayes) were raised to augment the French and Swiss mercenary troops available. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="1863914" lang="en">By 1720 the sepoys in French service numbered about 10,000.</span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="52673907" lang="en">[3] Although much reduced in numbers after their decisive defeat in India at the Battle of Wandewash in 1760, the France continued to maintain a Military Corps of Indian Sepoys (corps militaire des cipayes de l'Inde) in Pondicherry (now Puducherry) until it was disbanded and replaced by a locally recruited gendarmerie in 1898.</span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="24570" lang="en">[4]</span></div>
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<span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="75232" lang="en"> </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="3442998" lang="en">Sepoys in Portugese service</span><br />
<span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="3442998" lang="en">Sepoys were also recruited in Portuguese India. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="8277087" lang="en">Some Portuguese sepoys were later sent to serve in other territories of the Portuguese Empire, especially those in Africa. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="7323810" lang="en">The term "sipaio" (sepoy) was also applied by the Portuguese to African soldiers and African rural police officers.</span></div>
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<span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="75233" lang="en">[edit] </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="4925024" lang="en">Other useagesThe same Persian word has reached English via another route in the form of Spahi. </span><span _mstchunk="true" _msthash="22277255" lang="en">Zipaio, the Basque version of the word, is used by leftist Basque nationalists as an insult for members of the Basque Police,[5] implying that they are not a national police but servants of a foreign occupier.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-78573518005410104052015-05-18T08:28:00.000+01:002015-05-18T08:28:32.351+01:00Am Mex War<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibw_S0_eHFMjA_RGR5n9jx8sYtE_wKVV5Yh1hnmvDDvRkRjGtWLyfUfx4vvvCHYD-hZq6nxQ2U9DP_JZmx6uRY5FXqQHDwd6tGsTGHPdXFjXjQKNAtuz0cI6o_lKmSyN-XBU35V-4g9IY/s1600/mexam13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" px="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibw_S0_eHFMjA_RGR5n9jx8sYtE_wKVV5Yh1hnmvDDvRkRjGtWLyfUfx4vvvCHYD-hZq6nxQ2U9DP_JZmx6uRY5FXqQHDwd6tGsTGHPdXFjXjQKNAtuz0cI6o_lKmSyN-XBU35V-4g9IY/s640/mexam13.jpg" width="480" /></a>The United States had two armies during the 19th century. The first, a standing army commonly referred to as the U.S.<img src="http://thumbs.ebaystatic.com/d/l225/m/mYNu2nTv5ZAmwwswcF7tt9A.jpg" style="text-align: left;" /> Army, had been authorized by the Congress in 1789. Designated the regular army, this force was composed of officers commissioned by Congress and enlisted men who joined for a five year period. In 1792, Congress created a second army intended as an auxiliary to the regulars called the militia.<img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_7RgNOqwRjqk/TE8Eb5FVHkI/AAAAAAAAUZk/m6b0sWQlKnc/s1600/IMG_3580.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /> One major difference between the regulars and militia was the first was a national force while the second was the armies of the various states. Congress stipulated three instances when the militia<img height="640" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-HMFYBbwH-Ls/VQsm4voffKI/AAAAAAAAGuo/_GOF_SR2eaE/Col02_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="text-align: left;" width="616" /> could be called into federal service: to execute the laws of the United States, to suppress insurrections, and to repel invasions. This two-tiered arrangement formed the basis of the American military establishment during the Mexican War. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2vpihgzIPj5UmO3-vc3TdNmyy9suCWkXYZ_sVlMcBaQzSVcjQT-1kkbtIoQuwjEJ5jCmzv3riuhyphenhyphenHC8Ag9Kml0GFR8aye2LhyVHssB4onrr9iHJiAhksLCsZzp0I3JPAQqki9yuZZDaQ/s1600/DSC04485.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" px="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2vpihgzIPj5UmO3-vc3TdNmyy9suCWkXYZ_sVlMcBaQzSVcjQT-1kkbtIoQuwjEJ5jCmzv3riuhyphenhyphenHC8Ag9Kml0GFR8aye2LhyVHssB4onrr9iHJiAhksLCsZzp0I3JPAQqki9yuZZDaQ/s640/DSC04485.JPG" width="480" /></a></div>
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The U.S. Army was unprepared for war. While Congress had authorized a strength of 8,613 men and officers, the actual number of soldiers in uniform was fewer than 5,500. Many of the regimental commanders had entered the service before the War of 1812 and were too elderly and infirm for active duty. Companies were far below their authorized strength of forty-two privates with many carrying only half that number on their rolls. Reacting to the poor state of the army once war broke out, Congress increased the number of privates within individual companies to one hundred. It also created a company of the U.S. Engineers as well a new regiment of U.S. Mounted Rifles. These measures turned out be stopgaps at best.<br />
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The presence of a large number of graduates from the United States Military Academy worked in favor of the U.S. Army. These officers, mostly lieutenants and captains, formed a tight knit corps whose leadership ability and training helped offset the initial shortage of manpower. Historians point out that their ranks included men such as George G. Meade, Ulysses S. Grant, George B. McClellan, P.G.T. Beauregard, Braxton Bragg, Joseph E. Johnston, and Robert E. Lee, officers who later went on to command the great armies of the Civil War.<br />
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The militia system had already proven unreliable by the time of the Mexican War and had undergone substantial revision. Two issues emerged during the War of 1812 that demonstrated its flaws. First, many states prohibited their troops from participating in military operations on foreign soil. Second, by law a militiaman could only serve for a period of ninety days, meaning that recruiting, training, and marshaling occupied most of a unit's time with little left over for campaigning. As a solution to this problem, Congress created a subclass of militia called volunteers who were not confined by these two restrictions. On May 13, 1846, Congress authorized President Polk to raise 50,000 12-month volunteers.<br />
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Although both composed a part of the American Army, regulars and volunteers were notably different. Observers noted little interaction between officers and men, with each occupying a clearly defined station within the military establishment. Most Americans avoided enlisting in the regulars, guaranteeing that a high percentage of privates, corporals, and sergeants were foreign born. The combination of aristocratic officers and foreign "hirelings" made many Americans suspicious of the regulars. After all, what American citizen would settle for $7 a month as an army private unless forced to by dire circumstance? The volunteer, on the other hand, seemed to fit the spirit of the young republic because he was a citizen-soldier. Politics entered into the system as most volunteers elected their own officers. Volunteer units were raised locally, allowing friends, neighbors, and relatives to serve together. Although nominally under federal authority, volunteers maintained strong ties to their home states. The democratic nature of the volunteers meant that discipline in this corps was more lax than in the regulars.<br />
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More troops were needed as the war progressed. In November 1846, Congress issued an additional call for volunteers after realizing that most of the one year men would leave at the expiration of their terms. This second wave of volunteers was enlisted for the duration of the war. On February 11, 1847, Congress created ten additional regiments of regulars to serve for the period of the war. In all, 26,922 regulars and 73,260 volunteers served at some point during the Mexican War.<br />
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The combat elements were the same for both the regulars and the volunteers. The majority of troops were raised and trained as infantry and armed with flintlock muskets. The regulars maintained two regiments of light cavalry called dragoons with a third created for the war. Several regiments of mounted volunteers were raised that served mainly with Taylor's Army of Occupation and Kearny's Army of the West. Artillery formed the third branch of service. Just prior to the outbreak of the war, the army equipped several companies as "flying artillery" in which each cannoneer had his own mount. The innovation meant that the unit could gallop around the battlefield, bringing its guns to bear wherever they were most needed. This style of artillery was instrumental in several U.S. victories.<br />
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Readers who like military history will find the battles and leaders of the Mexican War extremely interesting. The American military is fascinating, too, because it reveals much about society in the Age of Jackson. Several works are recommended to those who want to learn more about the American Army in the Mexican War. John Porter Bloom's 1953 Emory University Ph.D. dissertation, "With the American Army in Mexico, 1846-1848," remains an outstanding study of the American soldier in Mexico. More accessible to most readers will be James M. McCaffrey's Army of Manifest Destiny: The American Soldier in the Mexican War, 1846-1848. A more recent work which examines the army is Richard Bruce Winders' "Mr. Polk's Army: The American Military Experience in the Mexican War." Also recommended are the many volumes of published letters and diaries that place the war on a personal level, giving the reader a "soldier's eye view" of the war.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-46046924834303427012015-05-11T08:39:00.001+01:002015-05-11T08:40:13.364+01:00apache<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img src="http://www.prestoimages.net/store30/rd392/392_pd953124_15.jpg" /><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><b>Sergeant Rutledge</b></i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">is a 1960</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Western<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and military</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>courtroom drama<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">starring</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Woody Strode<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Jeffrey Hunter<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="Paragon Toy Soldiers 54mm Apache Indians on foot. New 12 piece boxed set. Outstanding sculpting and detail. " src="http://www.prestoimages.net/store30/rd392/392_pd953124_18.jpg" /></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">It was directed by</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>John Ford<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img alt="John Ford 1946.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/John_Ford_1946.jpg/220px-John_Ford_1946.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and shot on location in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Monument Valley<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Utah<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Monumentvalleyviewfromnorth.jpg/800px-Monumentvalleyviewfromnorth.jpg" /></span></span><br />
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Ford's use of the 9th was in error. At the time of the story, with Gen.</span><span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span>Nelson A. Miles<img alt="Nelson A. Miles by Brands Studios, 1898.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg/240px-Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">in command, the Buffalo Soldiers of the</span><span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span>10th U.S.<img alt="A computer generated reproduction of the insignia of the Army 10th Cavalry Regiment. The insignia is displayed in gold and consists of two sheafed swords crossing over each other at a 45 degree angle pointing upwards with a Roman numeral 10" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/10thCav.JPG/250px-10thCav.JPG" /><span style="line-height: 1.3;"> Cavalry</span><span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">served in Arizona. The 9th Cavalry was stationed in West Texas, New Mexico, Kansas, and Nebraska, but never Arizona</span><img alt="Paragon Toy Soldiers 54mm Apache Indians on foot. New 12 piece boxed set. Outstanding sculpting and detail. " src="http://www.prestoimages.net/store30/rd392/392_pd953124_19.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 1.3;"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> .</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The film starred Strode as a black</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>first sergeant<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>United States Cavalry<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">accused of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>rape<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>murder<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">of a white girl at a U.S. Army fort in the late 1880s.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The film revolves around the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>court-martial<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">of 1st Sgt. Braxton Rutledge (</span>Strode<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">)</span></span><img alt="Woody Strode.gif" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Woody_Strode.gif/180px-Woody_Strode.gif" style="line-height: 1.3;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, a "</span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Buffalo Soldier</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">" of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">9th U.S. Cavalry</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. His defense is handled by Lt. Tom Cantrell (</span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Hunter</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">)</span><img alt="Jeffrey Hunter Sgt Rutledge.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jeffrey_Hunter_Sgt_Rutledge.jpg/200px-Jeffrey_Hunter_Sgt_Rutledge.jpg" style="line-height: 1.3;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, Rutledge's troop officer. The story is told through a series of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">flashbacks</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, expanding the testimony of witnesses as they describe the events </span><img alt="Paragon Toy Soldiers 54mm Apache Indians on foot. New 12 piece boxed set. Outstanding sculpting and detail. " src="http://www.prestoimages.net/store30/rd392/392_pd953124_17.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">following the murder of Rutledge's</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Commanding Officer</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, Major Dabney, and the rape and murder of Dabney's daughter, for which Rutledge is the accused. </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Circumstantial evidence</span><img height="479" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTI89lv3S5KGKj4xuMx1vt01TIxnE8-b7RghKteOW8DidAcyY8Q_A" width="640" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> suggests that the first sergeant raped and murdered the girl and then killed his commanding officer. Worse still, Rutledge deserts after the killings.</span><img height="297" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSY-x8-7kFvqgf3bOsA_U29PIaEHlXwxJo8wnzz90MzunETs39wIA" width="400" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> Ultimately, he is tracked down and arrested by Lt. Cantrell. At one point, Rutledge escapes from captivity during an Indian raid, but later, he voluntarily returns to warn his fellow cavalrymen that they are about to face an ambush, thus saving the troop. He is then brought back in to face the charges and the </span><img alt="Buffalo-Soldiers-and-Apache.jpg" src="http://www.usmilitariaforum.com/uploads//monthly_03_2014/post-9487-0-81630100-1394551315.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">prejudices of an all-white military court. </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Eventually he is found not guilty of the rape and murder of the girl when a local white man breaks down under questioning and admits that </span><img src="http://i48.tinypic.com/198t2o.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">he raped the girl. </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Jeffrey Hunter</span><span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> as 1st Lt. Tom Cantrell, 9th Cavalry (counsel for the </span><img src="http://thumbs4.ebaystatic.com/d/l225/m/mQFpm-l_X05dSt5t0GPF3EQ.jpg" style="line-height: 1.3;" /><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">defense)</span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Jeffrey "Jeff" Hunter</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(November 25, 1926 – May 27, 1969) was an American film and television actor and producer. Hunter is known for</span><img src="http://sensesofcinema.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/sergeant_rutledge.jpg" height="485" width="640" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> his roles as the sidekick to</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">John Wayne</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">'s character in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Searchers,</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">as</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Jesus Christ</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in the biblical film</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">King of Kings,</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and as Capt.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Christopher Pike</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in the original</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">pilot </span><img alt="Sergeant Rutledge image.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Sergeant_Rutledge_image.jpg" height="640" style="line-height: 1.3;" width="451" /><span style="line-height: 1.3;">episode</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Star Trek</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and the series' only two-part episode,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">The Menagerie</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Hunter was born</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Henry Herman “Hank” McKinnies, Jr.</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">New Orleans</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Louisiana</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and after 1930 reared in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Milwaukee</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Wisconsin</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, where he graduated from</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Whitefish Bay High School</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. He began acting in local theater and radio in his early teens. He served</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">stateside</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">United States Navy</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">World War II</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, then from 1946 to 1949 studied theatre at</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Northwestern University</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in</span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Evanston</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Illinois</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 11.1999998092651px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In 1950, while he was a</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">graduate student</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">radio</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">at</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">UCLA</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and appearing in a college play, Hunter was spotted by talent scouts and offered a two-year motion picture contract by</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">20th Century Fox</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">that was eventually extended to 1959. He made his film debut in a bit part in 1950's</span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Julius Caesar</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. He later graduated to starring roles in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Red Skies of Montana</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(1952), and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Sailor of the King</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(1953).</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">A loan-out to co-star with John Wayne in the title roles of the now-classic western</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Searchers</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(1956), began the first of three pictures he made with director</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">John Ford</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">; the other two being</span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Last Hurrah</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(1958) starring</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Spencer Tracy</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and as lawyer Tom Cantrell in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Sergeant Rutledge</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(1960). The same year as</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Searchers</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, Hunter also co-starred with top-billed</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Fess Parker</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Walt Disney</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">'s</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Great Locomotive Chase</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, based on an actual 1862 historical event during the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">American Civil War</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Ironically, according to Parker's</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Archive of American Television</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">interview, Ford had originally wanted to cast Parker in Hunter's role in</span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Searchers</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">but Disney refused to loan him out, something Parker didn't hear about until years later; Parker referred to his loss of that part to Jeffrey Hunter as his single biggest career setback </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Ford also recommended Hunter to director</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Nicholas Ray</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">for the role of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Jesus Christ</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">King of Kings</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(1961), a difficult part met by critical reaction that ranged from praise to ridicule. (Hunter's youthful matinee-idol looks resulted in the film's being derided as</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">I Was a Teenage Jesus</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">though he was thirty-four when cast in the part.)</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Joining an all-star cast in the World War II battle epic</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Longest Day</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, Hunter provided a climactic heroic moment playing a sergeant who is killed while leading a successful attempt to breach the defense wall atop</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Omaha Beach</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Normandy </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Having guest-starred on television dramas since the mid-1950s, Hunter was then offered a two-year contract by</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Warner Bros.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">studio boss</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Jack Webb</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">that included starring as circuit-riding Texas</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">lawyer</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Temple Lea Houston</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the youngest son of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Sam Houston</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, in the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">NBC</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">series</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Temple Houston</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(1963–1964), which Hunter's production company co-produced.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Jack Elam</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">was his co-star, as gunslinger-turned-marshal George Taggart. </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Hunter described the Temple Houston that he sought to emulate as having "many sides to his character. He was a flamboyant orator; he was a bit of a dandy; he was tough; he was gentle; he was an excellent marksman," all features which gave the series greater latitude with a western format. Houston was also described as follows: He would ride, shoot, fight, drink, and love with the best of them and maybe better than most. The modesty that he displays in day-to-day life would disappear as soon as he enters a courtroom, becoming the flamboyant attorney famous throughout the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">American Southwest</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">."</span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Temple Houston</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">proved illusory for his long-term career prospects. Hunter thought that the series had found its voice beginning with the twelfth episode, "Enough Rope", by having adopted the light-hearted approach of ABC's former</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Maverick</i><img alt="Maverick - Title Card.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Maverick_-_Title_Card.jpg/300px-Maverick_-_Title_Card.jpg" style="line-height: 1.3;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">western series, with</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">James Garner</span><img alt="James Garner Bret Maverick.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/James_Garner_Bret_Maverick.JPG/220px-James_Garner_Bret_Maverick.JPG" style="line-height: 1.3;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">As Hunter explained the change in format, the series was "conceived in humor and delivered in dead seriousness. Then, about halfway through the season, NBC decided to return to the tongue-in-cheek approach. By that time it was too late. The big joke around town was that the series was about a</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">synagogue</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in Texas."</span><span style="line-height: 11.1999998092651px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Ruta Lee</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, </span><img alt="RutaLeeDec09.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/RutaLeeDec09.jpg/640px-RutaLeeDec09.jpg" style="line-height: 1.3;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">who guest starred as Lucy Tolliver in "Enough Rope", said of Hunter: "He was one of the prettiest people that ever was put on the screen. God, he was gorgeous."</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Another Hunter friend, actor</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Van Williams</span><img alt="Van Williams 1959.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Van_Williams_1959.JPG/220px-Van_Williams_1959.JPG" style="line-height: 1.3;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, a native of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Fort Worth</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><img alt="Montage of Fort Worth, Top: View of Downtown Fort Worth from Amon Carter Museum, Middle left: Fort Worth Modern Art Museum, Middle right: Fort Worth Stockyards Saloon, Bottom left: Tarrant County Courthouse, Bottom right: T&P Railroad Station" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Fort_Worth_Montage.jpg/640px-Fort_Worth_Montage.jpg" style="line-height: 1.3;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> who also guest starred in the series, said: "Things didn't go right for him, and they should have, because if anybody deserved to be a big star, it was Jeffrey Hunter."</span><span style="line-height: 11.1999998092651px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In taking the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Temple Houston</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">role, Hunter was compelled by a scheduling conflict to bow out of John Ford's final western film,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Cheyenne Autumn</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 17.3185615539551px;"><i> </i></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Although</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Temple Houston</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">did not survive beyond twenty-six weeks, Hunter accepted the lead role of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Captain Christopher Pike</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in "</span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">The Cage</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">," the first</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">pilot episode</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Star Trek</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Clegg Hoyt</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, Hunter's co-star in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The True Story of Jesse James</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, appeared in this pilot as Pitcairn, the transporter chief of the fictitious</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">USS Enterprise</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 11.1999998092651px;">H</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">unter declined to film a second</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Star Trek</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">pilot requested by NBC in 1965, and decided to concentrate on motion pictures such as</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Brainstorm </i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Footage from the original pilot was subsequently adapted into a two-part episode titled "</span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">The Menagerie</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">."</span><span style="line-height: 11.1999998092651px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Later that year, Hunter filmed the pilot for another NBC series, the espionage thriller</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Journey Into Fear</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, which the network did not pick up.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">With the demise of the studio contract system in the early 1960s and the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">outsourcing</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">of much feature production, Hunter, like many other leading men of the 1950s, found work in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">B movies</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">produced in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Italy</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Hong Kong</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.3;">Mexico</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, with the occasional television guest part in Hollywood.</span></span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Hunter's first marriage from 1950 to 1955 to actress Barbara Rush<img alt="Barbara Rush.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Barbara_Rush.jpg" style="line-height: 1.5em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Death" style="background-color: black;">Death</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">While in Spain in 1969 to film <i>¡Viva América!</i>, a story of the Chicago Mafia, Hunter was injured in an on-set explosion when a car window near him, which had been rigged to explode outward, accidentally exploded inward.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On the night of May 26, 1969, Hunter suffered an intracranial hemorrhage while on a three-stair set of steps at his home in Van Nuys, California.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ferguson_10-3" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[</sup></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Hunter's funeral was held at St Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys on May 31 after which he was interred at Glen Haven Memorial Park, in Sylmar, California.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> He fell, knocked over a planter, and struck his head on a banister, fracturing his skull.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">He was found unconscious by his wife and taken to Valley Presbyterian Hospital where he underwent brain surgery to repair his injuries. He died at about 9:30 a.m. the following morning at the age of 42.</span></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Hunter sustained a serious concussion. According to Hunter's wife Emily, he "...went into shock" on the plane ride back to the United States after filming and "..couldn't speak. He could hardly move." After landing, Hunter was taken to Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles but doctors could not find any serious injuries save for a displaced vertebra and a concussion.<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">On the night of May 26, 1969, Hunter suffered an </span>intracranial hemorrhage<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> while on a three-stair set of steps at his home in </span>Van Nuys<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><img alt="Valley Municipal Building in Van Nuys" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Valley_Municipal_Building.JPG/800px-Valley_Municipal_Building.JPG" style="line-height: 1.5em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></span></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> to whom he remained married until his death only three months later.</span></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Constance Towers as Mary Beecher</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Billie Burke as Mrs. Cordelia Fosgate</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Woody Strode as First Sergeant Braxton Rutledge, 9th Cavalry</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Juano Hernández as Sgt. Matthew Luke Skidmore, 9th Cavalry</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Willis Bouchey as Lt. Col. Otis Fosgate, 9th Cavalry (president of the court-martial)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Carleton Young as Capt. Shattuck, 14th Infantry (prosecutor)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Judson Pratt as 2nd Lt. Mulqueen, 9th Cavalry (court-martial board member)</span></li>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-3049963430712727762015-05-10T21:31:00.001+01:002015-05-10T21:31:27.907+01:00Pirates by Charbens<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-11936616857567518982015-05-10T21:27:00.000+01:002015-05-10T21:27:30.585+01:00Alpini<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-42081996294784166322015-05-08T10:59:00.004+01:002015-05-08T10:59:51.518+01:00KICK ASS AUSSIES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
When Italy declared war on June 10, 1940 against Britain and France, The British position in North Africa seemed hopelessly outmatched. UK Army General Percival Wavell commanded 40,000 Dominion soldiers caught between 200,000 Italian troops in Libya and 250,000 to the south in Ethiopia and Somaliland.<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhngZpaIQUi_FlSHrIGGk6BhIo9epOU2FBhQKa3WV-SdenWOQTCsSHb4lrg8ChNDc8UIdTbZTgO0pW9okFjRmjfwUFoNryiKF-kSMiNSQSdn_mQvra-QQxlVuii59Q66SmZ2A4eAxr13ZU/s1600/IMG_1714.JPG" /><br />
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Wavell made a bold gamble on June 10, sending a small force into Libya to show the flag. This was the opening battle in a long campaign that would frustrate both the Allied and the Axis.above from plastic warriors blog<br />
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The Italians under Marshal d’Armata Rodolfo Graziani invaded and occupied British Somaliland on August 17, 1940, possibly cutting off American merchant transit through the Red Sea and cutting of the British from India. On September 13, Graziani reluctantly invaded Egypt under pressure from Mussolini.<br />
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Wavell sent 30,000 troops on December 9 under UK Army General Richard O’Connor to reclaim Sidi Barrani, Egypt, 65 miles inside Egypt’s border with Libya. The Italians had heavily fortified the town, but the British caught them by surprise and took 20,000 prisoners. The enterprising O’Connor then turned the large-scale raid into a full-scale invasion of Libya, taking more prisoners and occupying Tobruk , Benghazi, and the whole of the Libyan province of Cyrenaica. 130,000 Italian prisoners march towards Egypt.<br />
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Then, a major shift in the balance of power occurred. Wavell was ordered to cut back his forces and send them to Greece. Hitler sent the Afrika Korps to help the Italians, led by the effective Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel. Rommel arrived on February 12, 1941. Technically under Italian command, Rommel led an armored attack that smashed through the smaller British force, capturing O’Connor and almost all of the British conquests except for the embattled port of Tobruk. The British settled in for a long siege.<br />
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Churchill overruled his advisors and sent precious military supplies and weapons to Wavell, who tried twice to beat his way through Rommel to Tobruk. Rommel developed new doctrines of desert warfare, using antiaircraft guns against tanks and employing Blitzkrieg tactics to outflank the British. Wavell had to resign in the face of these defeats.<br />
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General Sir Claude Auchinleck arrived in November 1941. The UK Desert Force became the UK Eighth Army. In Operation Crusader, he lifted the 242-day siege of Tobruk, drove Rommel back against El Agheila, and destroyed a quarter of the Afrika Korps and almost half of the Italian Army in LibyaThe Italians declared war on Britain and France on 10 June 1940 and in September began an advance into Egypt. Initial successes enabled them to reach Sidi Barrani, an advance of about 50 kilometres but on 10 December British and Indian troops counter attacked and forced them back to Bardia. <br />
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On 3 January 1941 the 6th Division launched an attack on Bardia, which was quickly taken for the loss of 130 killed and 326 wounded. Two days later, the 6th was outside Tobruk, well into Cyrenaica. Tobruk, a major Italian fortress, was attacked on 21 January and captured the next day, with 49 Australians killed and 306 wounded.The retreating enemy was pursued relentlessly and by 6 February, the 6th Division had reached Benghazi. On 9 March the 9th Division began to relieve the 6th. In two months an Italian Army of ten divisions, some 1300 guns and 400 tanks had been destroyed.<br />
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Change was soon to occur, with advance elements of the German Afrika Korps landing in North Africa during late February. Their advance forced the withdrawal of British and Dominion troops from most of their recently captured territory in Cyrenaica. By 11 April, the 9th Division, 18th Infantry Brigade and British armoured and artillery units were besieged in Tobruk, with German forces as far forward as the Egyptian frontier. <br />
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Tobruk was heavily attacked on 30 April but, although a salient was forced on the defences, the garrison held firm. Another attack on 16 May was similarly defeated while the salient was steadily reduced by intense patrolling. During September and October the Australians were relieved for a well-earned rest. Some 3000 casualties had been sustained and 941 taken prisoner.<br />
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Further east, following a coup d’etat by Rashid Ali in early May, Iraq abrogated its treaty with Britain. The Iraqi Army was quickly defeated by British and Kurdish troops and the internal situation stabilised. However, the risk of German intervention, not just in Iraq but in areas under Vichy French control; made it strategically necessary to take control of Syria as well.<br />
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Syria was invaded on 8 June by the 7th Division (less 18th Brigade in Tobruk), together with one Indian and two Free French brigades. The attack followed three routes: the direct road to Damascus, through the mountains to the Damascus/ Beirut road at Zahle, and the coast road to Beirut. The Vichy French fought courageously, but by 15 June the allied force had reached the line Kiswe-Merdjayoun-Jezzine-Sidon. <br />
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Despite a strong Vichy counter-attack in the vicinity of Merdjayoun, Damascus was captured on 21 June. Fighting continued until 12 July when the Vichy French were granted an armistice. This campaign resulted in 1600 Australian casualties, including 416 killed in action.<br />
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In addition to their military reversals in North Africa in February and March 1941, the Italians were in danger of being driven out of Greece. On 1 March 1941 German forces had entered Bulgaria and, on 6 April, Yugoslavia. Allied assistance had been ordered to Greece, and by 3 April a British armoured brigade and the ANZAC Corps (most of the 6th Australian Division and the New Zealand Division ) had arrived. On 10 April elements of this force made contact with the Germans some fifteen kilometres south of the Yugoslav. <br />
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Outnumbered and with the enemy in total control of the air, the force was forced back through the Aliakmon and Thermopylae Lines to Athens area. Resistance finally collapsed but the skill and resolution of the Navy ensured that almost every fighting unit was evacuated, by 28 April, to Egypt or Crete. <br />
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On 20 May Germany launched a parachute and airborne attack on Crete. Awaiting them was an 'ad hoc' mixed force of British, New Zealand, Australian and Greek troops, most recent evacuees from Greece, with little heavy equipment and almost no air support. By 26 May the position of the outnumbered allies was hopeless and evacuation ordered. Despite crippling losses the Navy saved 15,000 troops. A further 12,000 including 3000 Australians could not be evacuated and were taken prisoner.<br />
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Following the entry of Japan into the war on 7 December 1941, the 6th and 7th Divisions returned to Australia. The 9th Division remained in the Middle East. Late in May 1942 reinforced Axis forces began to advance in the Western Desert, and by 20-21 June had recaptured Tobruk. They were finally halted by three days of intense fighting at the El Alamein defensive positions, only some 90 kilometres of Alexandria., The 9th Division, then in Syria awaiting transport to Australia, was hurried forward to El Alamein. On 30 August the Axis forces again attacked but were defeated at Alam el Halfa. The German General von Mellenthin was later to describe this action as 'the turning point of the desert war’.<br />
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On 23 October the 8th Army attacked at El Alamein, the battle reaching a climax a week later. An attack by the 9th Division north toward the sea gained ground which successfully held against heavy German counter-attacks. After intense effort British armoured forces then broke out through the corridor originally secured by the 9th Division and by 9 November the Axis forces were in full retreat. This success released the 9th Division to return to Australia, where it arrived in February 1943. Australian losses for the whole period of the El Alamein operations from 7 July were 5809, including 1225 dead, 3638 wounded and 946 taken prisoner.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-49266772056625311622015-05-06T07:41:00.001+01:002015-05-06T07:41:35.532+01:00death march of the goths<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img src="http://www.arts.cornell.edu/jrz3/DBM/25mmLIR15.jpg" height="416" width="640" />T<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">he summer and fall of 376, tens of thousands</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">of displaced Goths and other tribes arrived on the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> Danube River, </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><img src="http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Travel/Pix/pictures/2008/09/04/danube460.jpg" height="384" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" width="640" /></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">on the border of the Roman Empire, requesting asylum from the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Huns<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Fritigern<img src="http://www.all-generals.ru/assets/images/polkovodci/DM/Germantci/fritigern.jpg" height="640" width="398" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, a leader of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Thervingi<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, appealed to the Roman emperor</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Valens<img src="https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4120/4736384644_7deff462d3_b.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Danube<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, where they hoped to find refuge from the Huns, who lacked the ability to cross the wide river in force. Valens permitted this, and even helped the Goths cross the river,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">probably at the fortress of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Durostorum<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Durostorum-walls.jpg/800px-Durostorum-walls.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(modern</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Silistra<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">), Bulgaria.</span><img src="http://www.toysoldiercollector.com/articles/Roman3.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Valens promised the Goths farming land, grain rations, and protection under the Roman <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxzpgnej7S9RsfkzBtTCVkgo5cC37TWcYHZ7mdk3-IPBMDUzxIY_DlguiAqX2-yQYV5eKvvq-cNwsKZ11Lx7MLRch7heKbcVM_Mq5SMMzemD9QJ_zmn1LU0ujsABeHTvvT-cIJ08CY5Zoi/s1600/P1100093.JPG" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">armies as foederati. His major reasons for quickly accepting the Goths into Roman territory were to increase the size of his army, and to gain a new tax base to increase his treasury.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The selection of Goths that were allowed to cross the Danube was unforgiving: the weak, old, and sickly were left on the far bank to fend for themselves against the Huns.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Hunnen.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The ones that crossed were supposed to have their weapons confiscated;</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">however, the Romans in charge accepted bribes to allow the Goths to retain their weapons.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Huns</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> were a </span>nomadic<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> group of people who are known to have lived in </span>Eastern Europe<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the </span>Caucasus<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/View_of_the_village_Zrikh_in_Dagestan%2C_RF.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span>Central Asia <span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">between the 1st century AD and the 7th century. They were first reported living east of the </span><img alt="Volga Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Volga_Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg/1280px-Volga_Ulyanovsk-oliv.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_River" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Volga River">Volga River</a><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, in an area that was part of </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Scythia</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Scythia-Parthia_100_BC.png" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> at the time; the Huns' arrival is associated with the migration westward of a Scythian people, the </span>Alans<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.(</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Alans</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, or the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Alani</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, occasionally termed</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Alauni</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">or</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Halani</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">or</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Yancai</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">were an</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Iraniannomadic pastoral<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">people of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>antiquity.<img height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3DGG4L4o5pR4WyoWKjnLujErq52JQBHMDGQOrunbyNK1ZBCd4fvs-_JDssi498TslzTd5s925KRWhVKJuMs6d2oXeCapjg3Pj6PxkBqJ-x8VCCANzfz4f8o5ZkRgJxPQFw2dy884vrA/s640/7+germans.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" width="640" /></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Alans are first mentioned by Chinese authors in the 1st century BC as living near the Aral Sea <img alt="AralSea1989 2014.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AralSea1989_2014.jpg/240px-AralSea1989_2014.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">as vassals of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Kangju<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">under the name of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Yancai</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and were later mentioned by</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Roman<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">authors in the 1st century AD.</span><img src="http://i.imgur.com/RN9hXaB.png" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">At the time they settled the region north of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Black Sea<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and frequently raided the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Parthian Empire<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Caucasian</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">provinces of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Roman Empire<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img height="550" src="http://theminiaturespage.com/news/pics/2008/aug/495896a.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Upon the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Hunnic<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">defeat of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Goths<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">on the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Pontic Steppe<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">around 375 AD, many of the Alans migrated westwards along with other</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Germanic tribes<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="Picture" src="http://theminiaturespage.com/news/pics/2008/aug/495896b.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> They</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed</a><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Rhine</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in 406 AD along with the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Vandals">Vandals</a><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Suebi">Suebi</a><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, settling in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Orléans</span><img alt="The statue of Jeanne d'Arc, Place du Martroi." height="424" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Orleans1.jpg/270px-Orleans1.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" width="640" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Valence<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Around 409 AD they joined the Vandals and Suebi in the crossing of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Pyrenees<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">into the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Iberian Peninsula</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><img src="http://www.fat-wally.com/sitebuilder/images/Picture5-600x450.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> settling in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Lusitania</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Carthaginiensis</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Spain_LaCoruna_tower.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Iberian Alans were soundly defeated by the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Visigoths<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Alaric_entering_Athens.jpg/640px-Alaric_entering_Athens.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">418 AD, and subsequently surrendered their authority to the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Hasdingi<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Vandals</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden%2C_2_bis_3_Jh._PR_DSC_1315_przeworsk.JPG/640px-026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden%2C_2_bis_3_Jh._PR_DSC_1315_przeworsk.JPG" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In 428 AD, the Vandals and Alans crossed the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Strait of Gibraltar</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">into</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">North Africa</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, where they founded a</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">powerful kingdom</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">which lasted until its conquest by the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Byzantine</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Emperor</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Justinian I</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img alt="Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg/640px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in the 6th century AD.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Alans who remained under Hunnic rule are said to be the ancestors of the modern Ossetians.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Alans spoke an</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Eastern Iranian<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">language which derived from</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Scytho-Sarmatian<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and which in turn evolved into modern</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Ossetian<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span> They were first mentioned as Hunnoi by </span>Tacitus<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. In 91 AD, the Huns were said to be living near the </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Caspian Sea</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Caspian_Sea_Kazakhstan_Mangistau.jpg/1024px-Caspian_Sea_Kazakhstan_Mangistau.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and by about 150 AD had migrated southeast into the </span>Caucasus<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.)</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> By 370 AD, the Huns had established a vast, if short-lived, dominion in Europe</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">With so many people in such a small area, famine struck the Goths, and Rome was unable to supply them with either the food they were promised or the land; they herded the Goths into a temporary holding area surrounded by an armed Roman garrison. There was only enough grain left for the Roman garrison, and so they simply let the Goths starve. The Romans provided a grim alternative: the trade of slaves (often children and young women) for dog meat. When Fritigern appealed to Valens for help, he was told that his people would find food and trade in the markets of the distant city of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Marcianople<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. </span><img src="http://www.grandmanner.co.uk/admin/images/LR69.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Having no alternative, some of the Goths trekked south in a</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>death march<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, losing the sickly and old along the path.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">When they finally reached Marcianople's gates, </span><img src="http://www.hobbyandleisure.co.uk/hlstore/catalog/images/6138.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">they were barred by the city's military garrison and denied entry; to add insult to injury, the Romans unsuccessfully tried to assassinate the Goth leaders </span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUYJuitVLQ6B2CucFxyI_ti5f8zYprnK7GKfdOa8jErpX2TNgERdr6ncGgmS8yikeYwcA2VxuBHjVaIyv2KZKhJc8pXv2jNsTM42IURmgVz_s5hT97WlP37WrnjnDL7aPGNQ5bdM3z63c/s1600/P1100375.JPG" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">during a banquet. Open revolt began. The main body of Goths spent the rest of 376 and early 377 near the Danube plundering food from the immediate region.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvFxmP7nJuZxq2OE4pS-_Hnf9tGr4hPSSuGzWLsWxRaEewA_IIVjPxwxm_IOQkOSepKcakjrWLobSmzI5EB-L-Dv-VWpCJrZjBpfJEy2I6m8M2-2ooRWo9D9HGMdULaqqpGKI6hy9bdhk/s1600/P1100374.JPG" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> Roman garrisons were able to defend isolated forts but most of the country was vulnerable to Gothic plunder.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In late winter 377 war began in earnest and would last for six years before peace would be restored in 382.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijvpoMH8_z25vYR4gEEN-CfLnIjFV7wQditL_IBsz0Oux6virVDfgHWJG3IhaHUqr_3MwaH7vzlNWDZOeRYl6BHMtRdnInIewo7mMW6kOxvNti2ItrHkCEgelYDzRWPZ6p-6DBi1dmIKI/s1600/P1100208.JPG" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> The remaining Goths moved south from the Danube to Marcianople, and next appeared near Adrianople. </span><img src="https://s1.scalemates.com/products/img/0/9/2/110092-11067.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Roman response was to send a force under Valens to meet and defeat the Goths. In 378 Valens moved north from</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Constantinople<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bizansist_touchup.jpg/1280px-Bizansist_touchup.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and was defeated (and himself killed) at the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Battle of Adrianople (378)<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(modern</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Edirne<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">). </span><img alt="Selimiye Mosque, commissioned by Selim II and designed by Mimar Sinan in 1575." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The victory gave the Goths freedom to roam at will, plundering throughout</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Thrace<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">for the rest of 378. In 379 the Goths met only light Roman resistance and advanced north-west into</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Dacia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, plundering that region.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In 380 the Goths divided into Terving and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Greuthung<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">armies, in part because of the difficulty of keeping such a large number supplied. The Greuthungi moved north into</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Pannonia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">where they were defeated by western emperor</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Gratian<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. </span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(</span><i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Latin<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">: </span><span lang="la" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" xml:lang="la">Flavius Gratianus Augustus</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">;</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> 18 April/23 May 359 – 25 August 383) was </span>Roman emperor<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">from 375 to 383. The eldest son of </span>Valentinian I<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span></i><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Solidus_de_Valentinien_MAN.jpg/300px-Solidus_de_Valentinien_MAN.jpg" /><i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> during his youth Gratian accompanied his father on several campaigns along the </span>Rhine</i><img alt="Loreley mit tal von linker rheinseite.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Loreley_mit_tal_von_linker_rheinseite.jpg/1280px-Loreley_mit_tal_von_linker_rheinseite.jpg" /><i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span>Danube<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> frontiers. Upon the death of Valentinian in 375, Gratian's brother </span>Valentinian II</i><img alt="Statue of emperor Valentinian II detail.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_detail.JPG/220px-Statue_of_emperor_Valentinian_II_detail.JPG" /><i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> was declared emperor by his father's soldiers. In 378, Gratian's generals won a decisive victory over the </span>Lentienses<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, a branch of the </span>Alamanni<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, at the </span>Battle of Argentovaria<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Gratian subsequently led a campaign across the </span>Rhine<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the last emperor to do so, and attacked the Lentienses, forcing the tribe to surrender. That same year, his uncle </span>Valens<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> was killed in the </span>Battle of Adrianople</i><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roman_soldier_end_of_third_century_northern_province_-_cropped.jpg/640px-Roman_soldier_end_of_third_century_northern_province_-_cropped.jpg" /><i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> against the </span>Goths<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> –</span></i><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Grande_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8574.jpg/1280px-Grande_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8574.jpg" /><i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> making Gratian essentially ruler of the entire Roman Empire. He favoured </span>Christianity<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> over </span>traditional Roman religion<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, refusing the </span>divine attributes of the Emperors<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and removing the</span>Altar of Victory<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> from the </span>Roman Senate</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><i>.</i>)</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Gratian was the son of Emperor</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Valentinian <span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">by</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Marina Severa<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and was born at </span>Sirmium<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img src="http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/02/d8/6e/30/sirmium-palatium-imperiale.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(now</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Sremska Mitrovica<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Serbia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">) in</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Pannonia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. He was named after his grandfather</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Gratian the Elder<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Gratian was first married to</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Flavia Maxima Constantia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, daughter of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Constantius II<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="Bust of Constantius II (Mary Harrsch).jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> His second wife was</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Laeta<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Both marriages remained childless. His stepmother was Empress</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Justina<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and his paternal half siblings were Emperor</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Valentinian II<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Galla<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and Justa.</span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On 4 August 367 he received from his father the title of <i>Augustus</i>. On the death of Valentinian (17 November 375), the troops in Pannonia proclaimed his infant son (by a second wife Justina) emperor under the title of Valentinian II.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gratian acquiesced in their choice; reserving for himself the administration of theGallic provinces, he handed over Italy, Illyricum and Africa to Valentinian and his mother, who fixed their residence at Mediolanum. The division, however, was merely nominal, and the real authority remained in the hands of Gratian.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gratian's general Mallobaudes, a king of the Franks,<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/A.D._400-600%2C_Franks_-_025_-_Costumes_of_All_Nations_%281882%29.JPG/800px-A.D._400-600%2C_Franks_-_025_-_Costumes_of_All_Nations_%281882%29.JPG" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span>Naniemus<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, completely defeated the </span>Lentienses<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the southernmost branch of the </span>Alamanni<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, in May 378 at the </span>Battle of Argentovaria<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Upon receiving news of the victory, Gratian personally led a campaign across the Upper Rhine into the territory of the Lentienses. After initial trouble facing the Lentienses on high ground, Gratian blockaded the enemy instead and received their surrender. The Lentienses were forced to supply young men to be levied into the Roman army, while the remainder were allowed to return home. Later that year, Valens met his death in the</span>Battle of Adrianople<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> on 9 August. Valens refused to wait for Gratian and his army to arrive and assist in defeating the host of </span>Goths<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, </span>Alans<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span>Huns<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">; as a result, two-thirds of the eastern Roman army were killed as well.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi42fi2-1DiErPoj83XyZBHwD0oQHuAVrNoCz-UPzjKh-dcUUhv-4Zxi0J-9in_C3gzedAlSoITfu1FGwmLpQq-z0Ygxt0beizEAeu_Xe-lyzP-_0CtsLIlq9zIenFquH2fixNx2zmidxg/s1600/romans_outdoor2.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the same year, the government of the Eastern Empire devolved upon Gratian, but feeling himself unable to resist unaided the incursions of the barbarians, he promoted Theodosius I on 19 January 379 to govern that portion of the Empire. Gratianus and Theodosius then cleared the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a> of barbarians in the Gothic War (376-382).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">For some years Gratian governed the Empire with energy and success but gradually sank into indolence, occupying himself chiefly with the pleasures of the chase, and became a tool in the hands of the Frankish general Merobaudes and bishop St. Ambrose of Milan.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By taking into his personal service a body of Alans, and appearing in public in the dress of a Scythian<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Scythians_shooting_with_bows_Kertch_antique_Panticapeum_Ukrainia_4th_century_BCE.jpg/1280px-Scythians_shooting_with_bows_Kertch_antique_Panticapeum_Ukrainia_4th_century_BCE.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> warrior, after the disaster of the Battle of Adrianople, he aroused the contempt and resentment of his </span>Roman troops<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. A Roman general named </span>Magnus Maximus<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> took advantage of this feeling to raise the standard of revolt in </span>Britain<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and invaded </span>Gaul<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> with a large army. Gratian, who was then in </span>Paris<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, being deserted by his troops, fled to </span>Lyon<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. There, through the treachery of the governor, Gratian was delivered over to one of the rebel generals, </span>Andragathius<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and assassinated on 25 August 383.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The reign of Gratian forms an important epoch in ecclesiastical history, since during that period Nicene Christianity for the first time became dominant throughout the empire.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gratian also published an edict that all their subjects should profess the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria (i.e., the Nicene faith). The move was mainly thrust at the various beliefs that had arisen out of Arianism, but smaller dissident sects, such as the Macedonians, were also prohibited.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gratian, under the influence of his chief advisor the Bishop of Milan Ambrose, took active steps to repress Pagan worship.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> This brought to an end a period of widespread, if unofficial, religious tolerance that had existed since the time of Julian. "<i>In the long truce between the hostile camps</i>", writes historian Samuel Dill "<i>the pagan, the sceptic, even the formal, the lukewarm Christian, may have come to dream of a mutual toleration which would leave the ancient forms undisturbed but such men, living in a world of literary and antiquarian illusions, know little of the inner forces of the new Christian movement.</i>"</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 382, Gratian appropriated the income of the Pagan priests and Vestal Virgins, forbade legacies of real property to them and abolished other privileges belonging to the Vestals and to the pontiffs. He confiscated the personal possessions of the colleges of Pagan priests, which also lost all their privileges and immunities. Gratian declared that all of the Pagan temples and shrines were to be confiscated by the government and that their revenues were to be joined to the property of the royal treasury.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">He ordered another removal of the Altar of Victory from the Senate House at Rome, despite protests of the pagan members of the Senate, and confiscated its revenues. Pagan Senators responded by sending an appeal to Gratian, reminding him that he was still the Pontifex Maximus<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpg/640px-August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and that it was his duty to see that the Pagan rites were properly performed. They appealed to Gratian to restore the Altar of Victory and the rights and privileges of the Vestal Virgins and priestly colleges. Gratian, at the urging of Ambrose, did not grant an audience to the Pagan Senators. In response to being reminded by the Pagans that he was still the head of the ancestral religion, Gratian refused to wear the insignia of the </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Pontifex Maximus</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> as unbefitting a </span>Christian<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, renouncing the title and office of Pontifex Maximus under the influence of Ambrose, declaring that it was unsuitable for a Christian to hold this office. Gratian was quickly faced with a revolt from </span>Magnus Maximus<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/162_Magnus_Maximus.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> to the throne because he was more sympathetic to the Pagan cause.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Notwithstanding his actions, Gratian was still deified after his death.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Tervingi under</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Fritigern<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTqpr_zgsV5QDJ3vUr1uI1wBEnqO6MqA2wB0jSsjjk5LdPash9OWeyC1jRdHswgVfPiuwQT47dJkNPVD-MTqwStRV1oY9Hd3gAwmbwSn2pS_bGmb9Uw4cZb08ot4TeF8uuwbjOOxfayFg/s1600/Adrian%25C3%25B3polis3.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">moved south and east to</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Macedonia<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, where they took "protection money" from towns and cities rather than sacking them outright. In 381, forces of the western Empire drove the Goths back to Thrace, where finally in 382, peace was made on October 3.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">By the end of the war, the Goths had killed a Roman emperor, destroyed a Roman army and laid waste large tracts of the Roman Balkans, much of which never recovered. The Roman Empire had for the first time negotiated a peace settlement with an autonomous barbarian tribe inside the borders of the Empire, a situation that a generation before would have been unthinkable.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The lesson was not lost on other tribes, as well as the Goths themselves, who would not remain peaceful for long. Within a hundred years the Western Empire would collapse under the pressure of continued invasions as the Empire was carved up into barbarian kingdoms.</span></span></h2>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-82241716687747642022015-05-03T23:08:00.001+01:002015-05-03T23:08:42.973+01:00harris<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw0b5_EEGmYAfE7c5rZBw5sUgY1xR-WpkP1Hhbkv0KOD3TTa9l-jymuVMuus4-5h1575PzRGA4SLWG_fxqyqHWEf3SMyeQy5xAvIIOwF9OVPojNRLOB59P_QqOOFaUmPrmkpTTkxhSp70/s1600/DSCF0003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw0b5_EEGmYAfE7c5rZBw5sUgY1xR-WpkP1Hhbkv0KOD3TTa9l-jymuVMuus4-5h1575PzRGA4SLWG_fxqyqHWEf3SMyeQy5xAvIIOwF9OVPojNRLOB59P_QqOOFaUmPrmkpTTkxhSp70/s640/DSCF0003.jpg" height="480" px="true" width="640" /></a>All soldiers are sold unpainted unless you ask first.</div>
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toy soldiers are painted (these are the garibaldi series.</div>
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a compendium of the soldiers I have for sale at the moment all designed by myself and made in the u.k. These pieces are based on a tale told by RIFLEMAN Harris. all pieces are 10.00 and build into a set of 7 pieces.Apart from these I have Terence Hill character from french foreign Legion film MARCH OR DIE firing machine gun plus US/Mexican war 8 figures here plus Garibaldi in naples. all sets come in wooden boxes and we are the best value of any company.Post 10 per cent or cost. To the USA its just 5% at the moment as a way of enticing our USA friends.You may purchase any of the soldiers here in kit form.</div>
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<i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"><b>The Recollections of Rifleman Harris</b></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> is a memoir published in 1848 of the experiences of an enlisted soldier in the </span>95th Regiment of Foot<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> in the British Army during the </span>Napoleonic Wars<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinc1TUklSZaEMxDpFD7Asx4CzfsA6JXB2WC5MOTTvF7rQKf3if6MBq22cTwBFUSi1r6_3Bq5yxF182Acc5ufnAcUJEU7Elw6o8bXIQ6f8w9uNKLAFqLCwqsuac-VpsiJjH3U8jGeNfEVw/s640/DSC05474.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> The eponymous soldier was </span>Benjamin Randell Harris<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, a private who joined the regiment in 1803 and served in many of the early campaigns in the </span>Peninsula War<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC8Hozp1aHXbX32p-36t2ech18o0UNPf5S5ubhASVxAVcOmJeVzftZ3jYl-LDFRt01XDB2iti6EXX05nAbBZGdim1YHPDq4FZrU57I3Tp_QsxMGuN7IRVYiBP6Vyb-zv4MLpqYtgmPbMY/s640/DSC05480.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> In the mid-1830s, Harris was working as a</span>cobbler<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> in London when he met an acquaintance, Captain Henry Curling, who asked him to dictate an account of his experiences of army life.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4-IpM9FUs8Rvy2MnIL7oo9zjSV-oZXgEr1sRqfqPbWZ80tjVDhyJ5Q4P-Urm3ain6pHyjMRZdNPiRUe2g96C1T8qScoofcAdEmUbJH58eu_ANgFJxJ8ofISiLJSdLrKodeOvFTa3tfro/s640/DSC05481.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> This account was then held by Curling until 1848, when he succeeded in getting the manuscript published, preserving one of the very few surviving</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyx9Q7L414JKTEZxZ-txIUH_kfEXguHnj8m7EEItx4YIpMAfBSrTwDlLmL2pYVKIqrW3RcQ4zJPg54WX11W2h3UQyDlZ_9mG4N6lD_GCcdbQ-b3P-Wa_69PTt9Q22GlpleCRgwrLcBqxs/s640/DSC05477.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> accounts of military service in this era from a private soldier.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">The account begins with a description of Harris’ </span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixPB9KERt7Jj50SnP1NQ7R4_lRAteGVDGXNLBOIAD-fOXpG4fJQQCcAE7JQd3csSQtJ1hX2ACLixxfeGPCjeVmWLrZ0bNWdHcRfxSWXiwRcDezun01Ni97SCcDpsK5lf9LAGgmK4ypOpQ/s640/DSC05490.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">recruitment in the army via the militia and the</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>66th Regiment of Foot<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Maiwand_Lion%2C_Forbury_Gardens%2C_Reading_2.jpg/800px-The_Maiwand_Lion%2C_Forbury_Gardens%2C_Reading_2.jpg" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">in</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Stalbridge<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, from where he was sent on garrison duty to Ireland and joined the 95th Rifles. </span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo1K6Hxg7tCPtk2Lk610vUIqnqq0_bpdzpWDsmgR85njMx44ZzgjWGMU_yha_iuWU7DDHY_qNd95G2N-Eykn8STvCsaU1t8EnDM26v70QcS5c5oSauig-WmsUTP10NXA0gxO9YP2L3ots/s640/DSC05483.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">The account reveals many details of army life in the period, including a graphic depiction of an execution by firing squad and a description of the actions and progress of a recruiting party through </span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC6NddhWdsgMKNMfLNwxB2uC_VSI6Rrn4imGcKy32QLoHi4xTWGXLreOchZ4h0VbclXHa-ab7WLlLx6y09PucpfCidC_cOfR0B06XqJ7VIOePq8TGmfHCSTCRrriJTjBSej7HmjVFxubY/s640/DSC05475.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">Ireland, which reveals the endemic alcoholism and religious rivalry which Ireland and the army of the time was subject to. Harris notes particular difficulty in separating Catholic and Protestant Irish recruits.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDM8l4RTO2OFo6kOVXyuvVfni6WKhaI8hrixHumEHPb59kEUfwqp2KH27FJHeE1RgdncNMq7n_aRu55t1YHqJeNNe_FuW4-FSiBWlfMGT2uIiEfmfw6KGEU2xHYt3OyZV16yZvE6Oc1i4/s640/DSC05488.JPG" style="text-align: left;" /></div>
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Harris was sent to Denmark in 1807, where he participated in the campaign which surrounded the bombardment of Copenhagen,<img alt="Copenhagen on fire 1807 by CW Eckersberg.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Copenhagen_on_fire_1807_by_CW_Eckersberg.jpg" height="640" style="background-color: transparent;" width="498" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> including seeing his first fighting near</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Køge<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><img alt="Køge Torv with its statue of Frederick VII" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/K%C3%B8ge_-_statue_af_Frederik_7._-_Torvet.jpg/800px-K%C3%B8ge_-_statue_af_Frederik_7._-_Torvet.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> observing</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Congreve rockets</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in action for the first time. Harris also recounts further experiences of drunkenness and ill-discipline amongst the largely inexperienced soldiery. He also served in 1808 with several men who had participated in the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>South American expedition of 1807<img alt="La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/74/La_Reconquista_de_Buenos_Aires.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and offers comment and anecdotes on that campaign and the subsequent trial of General</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">John Whitelocke</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><img alt="John whitelocke.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/John_whitelocke.jpg/220px-John_whitelocke.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> whom Harris holds in contempt.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjetSzDEnyppRhnmZpSwjg10aT4cXL3TOn_a0CqCZwLS13k-w7LTkf78YNDoHUbGzvO5_e6Ne70dyk-NnyPyYMVUIbrBuYmmtfVojKYd81wCf_L79mE5-vbuqUr5sIx1eF_qLZ9zs4sCks/s640/DSC05487.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></div>
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In the summer of 1808 Harris was dispatched to Portugal to participate in the opening actions of the Peninsula War, seeing action in the opening skirmish at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93bidos,_Portugal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Óbidos, Portugal">Óbidos</a> and subsequently the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rolica" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Rolica">Battle of Rolica</a>, where Harris’ unit was heavily engaged and Harris offers a vivid description of the engagement, at which a number of his close friends were killed. This is followed by a description of the Battle of Vimeiro <img alt="Batalha do Vimeiro.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Batalha_do_Vimeiro.jpg/1024px-Batalha_do_Vimeiro.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">where he was again heavily engaged and follows the army on the ensuing march to </span>Salamanca<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img alt="View of Salamanca" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Salamanca_2008.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and the clash with the French at </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Sahagún</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. This is followed by a graphic depiction of the horrific march northwards during the Galician campaign culminating in the </span>Battle of Corunna<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="36 214430~death-of-sir-john-moore-(1761-1809)-january-17th-1809,-from-'the-martial-achievements-of-great-britain-and-her-allies-from-1799-.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/36_214430~death-of-sir-john-moore-%281761-1809%29-january-17th-1809%2C-from-%27the-martial-achievements-of-great-britain-and-her-allies-from-1799-.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> Harris and his regiment were amongst the final troops evacuated from the beaches, and they returned to England where Harris served in recruitment and training positions, thus providing readers with a rare insight into rural Georgian England from a lower class perspective.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi24zh317WYjFmxEiV9Km6PMmT2dhQoHXNyYW9-1x4vLU5G3tjLAcAHqmWm4LsX0-IviFHUqWYIk0icp93TEr0qGDzeFhiEJjOUzlWpoTX19itpWT-7wtHN7tCQDJADdzu22owhoMLzbDc/s640/DSC05485.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></div>
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From England Harris and the 95th were sent to Walcheren to participate in the catastrophic Walcheren Expedition. The narrator acutely demonstrates the squalid conditions and indecisive generalship which led to the ensuing disaster in the marshy land and high summer of Holland. Harris himself fell ill from the ague which killed two thirds of the expeditionary force, and thus also provides an insight into the medical care and treatments available to soldiers during the Georgian period, a disease from which he never fully recovered. For the next three years, despite determined efforts to rejoin his unit in Spain, Harris was unable to participate in the wars due to his recurring malarial fevers. During this period of inactivity and ill-health at the depot in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hythe,_Kent" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hythe, Kent">Hythe</a>, Harris recounts many stories told to him by his comrades and contemporaries of their service on the Peninsula, including tales of the <img alt="Siege of Badajoz, by Richard Caton Woodville Jr.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Siege_of_Badajoz%2C_by_Richard_Caton_Woodville_Jr.jpg/1024px-Siege_of_Badajoz%2C_by_Richard_Caton_Woodville_Jr.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Siege of Badajoz</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and the Siege of San Sebastian.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv-fa3p4Ua5Rw7MrC__Mm23ZhVbwu2I8GeERyKkh2C6HbgTHF0Qw6goRuy2RlvaS4d53E82MJ1p2hxEuGeVcQLLFVg89RiHGGzlcX_fjU8oSp6Jb9bMTaPkSZqDKdZmuH3PUiIy5t8qys/s640/DSC05478.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></div>
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In 1813 and 1814, Harris was attached to the 8th Veteran's Battalion based in London, having been rejected from foreign service by the Duke of Wellington, who decreed no survivors of Walcheren were to serve in his army as none were fit for marching or fighting. There he served alongside several detachments of French deserters, again witnessing the frequent brutal punishment of the day, when a man was given 700 lashes for desertion. Stricken with illness, he was unable to rejoin his regiment during the Hundred DaysCampaign and thus forfeited his pension. Nonetheless, Harris’ final words on the subject are very revealing. <i>"I enjoyed life more whilst on active service than I have ever done since, and I look back on my time spent on the fields of the Peninsula as the only part worthy of remembr</i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The book is perhaps most important in the manner in which it provides the viewpoint of one of Wellington's foot soldiers at a time when so many were illiterate. Whilst many officers</span><span style="font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 11.1999998092651px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">kept diaries or wrote memoirs of their service, ‘’The Recollections of Rifleman Harris’’ is rare because unlike the grand actions or great people recalled by his superiors, Harris mentions dozens of men whose history is no longer remembered and whose names would otherwise be lost, and records the details of daily</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">ennui</i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> with interesting and colloquial prose. He describes medicine from a patients’ point of view, punishment from a friend of the victim's view and military life from the bottom up, giving otherwise unknown insight to the daily life of a soldier in the Napoleonic Wars, as well as a unique primary source to some of the British campaign.</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">During Harris’ life the book was neither popular nor well-received </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><img src="http://www.exciting.org.uk/postcards/chelsea/a-f/burrage/12.jpg" height="419" style="background-color: transparent;" width="640" /></span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">critically, fading into obscurity for many years before being rediscovered in the early years of the twentieth century. The book has since been republished many times, with a number of commentaries, some rather poorly researched, even reporting Harris’ first name as John.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In more recent times a freshly researched volume by historian Eileen Hathaway has been published which removes many of the older mistakes and contains a foreword by the author</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Bernard Cornwell</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, who used the memoir as a source for his</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Sharpe series</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, even basing a minor character on Harris, albeit with a very different career. Likewise in the</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Sharpe</i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">TV series, the actor</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Jason Salkey</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">played a rifleman very loosely based on Benjamin Harris. Salkey later recorded an audiobook version of</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The Recollections of Rifleman </i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAqyxJBp09hoFeFJP7QKbs7MDgudCnUvd_aibfFVnOI_HkdCkSTzKSGn7ps362vM0sKCl0-kiDHLg2dnaHRz4mJ0_pzJuKoH8F5VST6TZkj29H2XBHzfQZUbsNOnTMnnOVCqmBqRDFW3k/s640/DSC05486.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span><i style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Harris</i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span></div>
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-->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-32345938615228336032015-05-01T18:40:00.000+01:002015-05-01T18:40:09.298+01:00"Type 33 B 1" <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">In the course of the first motorisation programme the German Army required the development of cross-country six-wheeled trucks with a capacity weight of 3 tonnes. Henschel supplied the first "Type 33 B 1" vehicles in 1928. Already by the following year the "Type 33 D 1" with a more powerful diesel engine (100 hp)had been introduced. This type is recognizable from its longer bonnet and extended wheelbase between first and second axles. In the early versions of the "Type 33 D 1" the rear axles were driven by separate drive shafts. This model kit is for the later version which from 1934 onwards had only one drive shaft with drive-through to the second rear axle and Simplex wheel rims. The model has attractive filigree and finely detailed components. There are optional decals for 3 German Army vehicles.<span id="goog_609189537"></span><span id="goog_609189538"></span></span><img src="http://www.spruebrothers.com/sbmimages/rvg03098.jpg" /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-7167113746688028762015-04-30T12:32:00.003+01:002015-04-30T12:32:44.341+01:00THE RIFLES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img alt="CT2039A 95th Rifles Enlisted mans tunic" src="http://www.sutlers.co.uk/acatalog/95th-rifels-tunic.jpg" height="640" width="385" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">Made from rifle green Hainsworth wool with black</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">facings & domed 1/2" pewter buttons</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">This is the Waterloo period Coattee for the 60th Rifles, this one was made for The Royal Greenjackets Regimental Museum</span><img alt="CT2039AB 60th Rifles Coattee Other Ranks " src="http://www.sutlers.co.uk/acatalog/60thCoatee.jpg" height="640" width="277" /><br />
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<img alt="CT5044 95th Rifles Officers Tunic " src="http://www.sutlers.co.uk/acatalog/RB5044NV.jpg" /><br />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: -webkit-center;">95th Rifles Officers Tunic and shako95th rifles</b><img alt="95th Rifles Shako" src="http://www.sutlers.co.uk/acatalog/shako.jpg" /><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-37100397069831086612015-04-30T12:32:00.002+01:002015-04-30T12:32:05.840+01:00t.62<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><img alt="Andy Claesens built Trumpeters 1/35 IT-1 Missile tank" src="http://www.militarymodelling.com/sites/1/images/article_images_month/2013-06/trump%20it-1%20article_header.jpg" /></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> This is an unusual and little known area of Cold War thinking and is based on the T-62 chassis. As I've built one of the Trumpeter T-62s before I did not expect any nasty surprises along the way and the build was very enjoyable and the kit was almost vice less (but more on that shortly).</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">During the mid-Fifties, with the progression of Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM) as effective weapons, Soviet tank design bureaus found themselves under great pressure from the very top to develop ATGM armed vehicles. The Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev was convinced that conventionally armed tanks were reaching the end of their lives and in 1956 he ordered that the four main Tank Design Bureaus start moving things forward to develop this ATGM concept. The Soviet military was resentful of his perceived meddling and involvement and their reluctance to take things further was supported by the technical impracticalities of the time.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">However, in the early-Sixties projects were begun and the Kartsev Design Bureau in NizhnyTagil began work on Obiekt 150, a missile armed tank based on the hull of a T-62 with a redesigned low-profile turret. It had a crew of three, driver, gunner and commander in conventional layout and was armed with a pop-up missile launcher fitted into the turret along with a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun with 2000 rounds of ammunition. Twelve 3M7 Drakon (Dragon) missiles were stored in an automatic loader with a further three stored in an unarmoured box on the back of the turret. The Drakon was specially developed for usage in Obiekt 150 and although details of the missile are largely unknown it was believed that it may have used the AT-1 Falanga missile as it’s’ basis. Launched slightly upward and at an angle to offset any wind drift during the first second of unguided flight the missile was tracked using a tracer on the rear of the missile. This allowed the guidance system to track the missile and transmit radio commands to it (using a combination of seven frequencies and two codes to prevent vehicles within a single unit interfering with each other) which were decoded by the missile and translated into deflection of the missiles fins. Night-vision equipment enabled some night operation but reduced the missile's range considerably. This relatively conventional design layout was the least adventurous of those put forward by the Design Bureaus and the only design that made it to production status.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In September 1964 Nikita Khrushchev observed a firepower demonstration of the Obiekt 150 at Kubinka, where in short succession three moving tank targets were destroyed. He excitedly reported his observations to a Party Conference the following day and told them he believed that tanks would become obsolescent. He had already cancelled heavy tank production and it was widely felt that medium tank production was also under threat. So, the Ground Forces heaved a huge sigh of relief when one month later Khrushchev was ousted from power by Leonid Brezhnev, who adopted a far more traditionalist approach to the military and military production.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A small production series of Obiekt 150 was ordered as IT-1 (Istrebitel Tankov or Tank Destroyer) and used to form two Tank Destroyer Battalions. One was manned by tank crews whilst the other by artillery troops as a test of concept. One served in the Carpathian Military District and the other in the Byelorussian Military District. Further production occurred between 1968 and 1970 but the IT-1 was not well liked for a number of reasons. The guidance system was heavy, weighing 520 Kg which affected the vehicles performance, the size of the missile meant that ammunition storage was not great pointing towards constant resupply and the large dead-zone around the tanks due to the missiles' minimum range all contributed to its unpopularity. With the pressure for this type of weapon system lessening all the vehicles were removed from service and converted to recovery variants. The only survivor that I am aware of is the one in the Kubinka Museum.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">From a build perspective the rolling gear and lower hull were very straightforward. On this example however there had been a “short moulding” issue with the rear side of the hull, which left a chunk missing. A shame and an unusual situation in a modern kit but it was no great problem to deal with. Patched with plasticard it was resolved rapidly and I could look to closing up the hull. The upper hull went on simply and all the tool boxes etc were fitted easily. On the glacis plate the light guards are provided as two parts, which frankly don’t look great. Making a replacement with wire makes a huge difference and sits better in terms of scale thickness.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">I left off the fender mounted fuel cells until towards the end of the build as they needed some work. Trumpeter has fallen into the same pit that Tamiya have with their T-62. Despite the box art showing the lifting handles on the fuel cells to be in the correct position they are moulded incorrectly and need rectifying. Again this is not difficult just a little annoying when their box art artist can get it right. Before final fitting of the cells the obvious external plumbing that is a feature of all T-54/55s and T-62s needs to be made. This I did with my trusty coil of old BT cable, utilising the outer sleeve as connectors. The odd nature of the turret and missile system are well represented by new sprues and this bit of the build went together well with no issues at all. The individual link tracks went together like a dream, (far easier than I remember doing on the previous T-62). A footnote to this build is something I only noted on the final stages when marrying up the turret to the hull. The turret actually fouls on the drivers hatch and approximately one millimetre has to be removed from the rear of the hatch to allow it to sit right. I thought it might be the way that I had fitted the hatch but there is no slack in the fitting of it and it is where it is.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Paint options are limited… green with no decals. The fact that this beast had such a limited service career pushed me to the view that a museum exhibit finish would be the way to go. This decision then presents further challenges in making a monochromatic scheme interesting and not being able to hide any flaws with mud & dust. I started with a primer coat of Halfords Matt Black. Not my usual choice but I was looking at a deeper finish to the green. Using Tamiya TS-28 Olive Drab 2 from their rattler range the whole thing had two coats and was allowed to cure. After that I had a go at a variation on the fractal style that Steve Zaloga used when he built his T-62 for the magazine. Stippling on various different mixes of Tamiya Field Grey with Games Workshop Catechan Green and Commando Khaki was enough to add interest to the basecoat and I'm quite happy with the end result. The tracks were painted with Games Workshop Chaos Black and then whilst still wet, heavily dry-brushed with Games Workshop Boltgun Metal.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Overall this was a great kit to build and aside from the few issues I encountered went together very well. Maybe not the most attractive vehicle in the world I can't see Trumpeter selling as many of these as they will their T-62s & T-64s. Nonetheless I think they are to be applauded for tackling some lesser well known subjects and I am pleased that it adds an interesting item to my Soviet Equipment Inventory . I'd like to thank Robin for the opportunity to build it for the site and I'd happily recommend the kit to all.</span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-407616987606962922015-04-27T21:04:00.001+01:002015-04-27T21:04:30.864+01:00bande nere<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><img src="http://www.ivid.it/fotogallery/imagesearch/images/giovanni_dalle_bande_nere_vittorio_gassman_sergio_grieco_008_jpg_ggas.jpg" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">According to the tradition, the </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">frazione</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> of Governolo was the seat of the meeting between </span>Pope Leo I</span></span><img alt="Herrera mozo San León magno Lienzo. Óvalo. 164 x 105 cm. Museo del Prado.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Herrera_mozo_San_Le%C3%B3n_magno_Lienzo._%C3%93valo._164_x_105_cm._Museo_del_Prado.jpg/220px-Herrera_mozo_San_Le%C3%B3n_magno_Lienzo._%C3%93valo._164_x_105_cm._Museo_del_Prado.jpg" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Attila</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in 452. Also in Governolo the </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">condottiero</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Giovanni dalle Bande Nere</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img alt="Gbnere pace 1.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gbnere_pace_1.jpg/220px-Gbnere_pace_1.jpg" style="background-color: black; color: white;" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">was shot by a cannonball in 1526, later dying out of the wounds received.</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Giovanni was born in the Northern Italian town of</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Forlì</span><img alt="Piazza Saffi" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Piazza_Saffi_al_tramonto.JPG/800px-Piazza_Saffi_al_tramonto.JPG" style="background-color: black; color: white;" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">to</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Giovanni de' Medici</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(also known as</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">il Popolano</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">) and</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Caterina Sforza</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><img alt="Caterina Sforza.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caterina_Sforza.jpg/250px-Caterina_Sforza.jpg" style="background-color: black; color: white;" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> one of the most famous women of the</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Italian Renaissance</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img src="http://www.mole24.it/m24-content/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/battaglia-di-Governolo.jpg" style="background-color: black; color: white;" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">From an early age, he demonstrated great interest and ability in physical activity, especially the martial arts of the age: horse riding, sword-fighting, etc.<img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> He committed his first murder at the age of 12, and was twice banished from the city of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Florence</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">for his unruly </span><img src="http://i1211.photobucket.com/albums/cc431/Histcon/P1010004.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">behavior, including involvement in the rape of a sixteen-year-old boy, Giovanni being about thirteen at the time.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">He had a son,Cosimo</span><img alt="Agnolo Bronzino - Cosimo I de' Medici in armour - Google Art Project.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/229px-Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(1519–1574), who went on to become Grand Duke of Florence.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">As a symbol of mourning for the death of Pope Leo X (December 1, 1521), Giovanni added black </span><img src="http://i1211.photobucket.com/albums/cc431/Histcon/CIMG0544.jpg" height="415" width="640" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">stripes to his</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">insignia</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, whence comes his nickname, Giovanni dalle Bande Nere (or Giovanni of the </span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYIRzFXmJOYqGSe67ueBB2ksTYsAoD-3TOr7j03O0CFQdKKuKb6UDjF-4mM3l7bNe_vmS74-zndYvHfUght-dF0Xn65OqCfs5lyaLGiy68YFxQ2qwygxtXaq3lJQkwRU8wJ-2E-jV37eg/s1600/pavia+035.JPG" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Black Bands). In August 1523 he was hired by the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Imperial</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">army, and in January 1524 he defeated the French and the Swiss at</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Caprino Bergamasco</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="Church" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CaprinoBG1.JPG/800px-CaprinoBG1.JPG" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> In the same year another Medici, Giulio di Giuliano, became Pope, and took the name of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Clement VII</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. The new Pope paid all of Giovanni's debt, but in exchange ordered him to switch to the French side of </span><img src="http://www.olsi.it/cronache/ita1550.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">the ongoing conflict. He did not take part in the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">battle of Pavia</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, but was soon severely wounded in a skirmish and later had to move to</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Venice</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">to recuperate from his wounds.</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Giovanni became </span><img src="http://www.lanazione.it/cultura/2012/11/19/804802/images/1610330-mestiere_delle_armi.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">a</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">condottiero</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, or mercenary military captain, in the employ of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Pope Leo X</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">(Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici) and on March 5, 1516 led</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>the war<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">against</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. He </span><img src="http://www.perry-miniatures.com/images/ao/ao28.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">thenceforth formed a company of his own, mounted on light horses and specializing in fast but devastating skirmishing tactics and ambushes. In 1520 he defeated several rebel barons in </span><img src="http://www.mole24.it/m24-content/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/il-mestiere-delle-armi.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Marche</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. The following year Leo X allied with </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Emperor Charles V</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">against King</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Francis I of France</span><img alt="Francis1-1.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Francis1-1.jpg/640px-Francis1-1.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><br />
<span style="color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">t<span style="background-color: black;">o regain Milan,</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Parma<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Piacenza<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">; Giovanni was called in under the command of</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/RetratoColonna.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Prospero </span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Colonna</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, defeating the French at</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Vaprio d'Adda</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in November.</span></span></span><img alt="The river Adda from Vaprio d’Adda." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Adda_at_Canonica_d%E2%80%99Adda_%28Ian_Spackman_2007-007-19%29.jpg" style="color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In 1526 the War of the League of Cognac broke out.<img alt="Emperor charles v.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_charles_v.png/640px-Emperor_charles_v.png" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> The League's captain general, Francesco Maria I della Rovere, abandoned Milan in the face of the </span><img src="http://www.mole24.it/m24-content/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lanzichenecchi-2.jpg" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">overwhelming superiority of the Imperial army led by</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Georg von Frundsberg</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Giovanni was able to defeat the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Landsknechts</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Landsknechte.jpg/1280px-Landsknechte.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">rearguard at the confluence of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Mincio<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">with the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Po River</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><img alt="Cremona Po Bridge.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cremona_Po_Bridge.jpg/800px-Cremona_Po_Bridge.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span></div>
<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">On the evening of November 25 he was hit by a shot from a</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>falconet<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/HalfMoonFalconet.jpg/1024px-HalfMoonFalconet.jpg" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">in a battle near</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Governolo</span><img src="http://www.insolitomincio.it/web/images/stories/3.5_luoghi_rivalta/3.5_luoghi_rivalta01.jpg" height="426" width="640" /><span style="color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">According to a contemporary </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">acco</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">unt</span></span><span style="font-size: 20px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">by Luigi Guicciardini, the ball shattered his right leg above the knee</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and he had to be carried to San Nicolò Po, near</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Bagnolo </span></span></span><img src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/AG2BVhQSQ4A/hqdefault.jpg" height="480" style="color: white; font-size: medium;" width="640" /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.3;">San </span>Vito<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, where no doctor could be found. He was taken to</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.3;">Aloisio Gonzaga</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">'s palace, marquis of</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.3;">Castel Goffredo</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, in</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.3;">Mantua</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, where the surgeon Abramo,</span></span></span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgDw_mDbLi_1yVni4afoBrVm5r1mzofl3mPkgIWmxvNcL025sJYPTB_GWENemTUrIPU-2duVxVG8vsodT1Z-F47toj978UoyC3XSIidqxY-9OFWQS30ddrvdo_z0ZufMnnCmm28B5cRLnflwdhqdDJ_WLCKN7xLuHw=" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> who had cared for him two years earlier, amputated his leg. To perform the operation Abramo asked for 10 men to hold down the stricken</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">condottiero</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span></h2>
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<a href="http://www.telesanterno.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Bagnolo-San-Vito.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img border="0" src="http://www.telesanterno.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Bagnolo-San-Vito.jpg" height="538" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Pietro Aretino, eyewitness to the event, recalled in a letter to Francesco Albizi:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">'<i>Not even twenty' Giovanni said smiling 'could hold me', and he took a candle in his hand, so that he could make light onto himself, I ran away, and shutting my ears I heard only two voices, and then calling, and when I reached him he told me: 'I am healed', and turning all around he greatly rejoiced.</i></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnb_zvgHhUZXWAxLnD9qZ4F2o4lZ8lwZMV4iUQo7AKFUaTZ7iCaLgGfUewzbJCJQW_CF8sI_YsEiiEq_fJGpJujwPzsUlwfCkHf84GrE4anFwPOqwqPl9H71Ih2FQlHFQcjUKBhvQd6gE/s1600/Sketch+Bardature+Cavalli+Del+Film+IL+MESTIERE+DELLE+ARMI+Regia+E.+Olmi+Scenografo+L.+Marchione+Concept+Art+-+Visual+Development+.jpg" /></span></blockquote>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Despite the surgery Giovanni de' Medici died five days later, supposedly of septicemia, on 30 November 1526.<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLi1Ac5F2qKC504veJg5U2qCCzEjfKC33i9Vv4HNxtA0BaL2dt32a5H40fURV3FR5ebhbgPH08eRSFfNXnDbihYr74gt8CsVAS9KRMoE5tC0OnonO78Ad3HXNA95a6BA5CPAODjFRU1wo/s1600/1.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Giovanni's body was exhumed in 2012 along with that of his wife to preserve the remains, which were damaged in the 1966 flood of the Arno river, and to ascertain the cause of his death.</span><img src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/7d/6a/78/7d6a7898514421e0af9130f78a069e79.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> Preliminary investigation revealed that his leg was amputated below the knee. No damage was found to the thigh, where the shot supposedly hit. The tibia and fibula, the bones of the lower leg, were found sawed off from the amputation. There was no damage to the femur.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjh1lk2yxqHzKRL4eAFRXymX6WRjW-CWnM_oiqd0012HwNMNe6jRUaesOQv4lz6BGJp-MMTCyz_CUROz1puB8bd_AnF0HSIX9pSv-Y4icl6Fv_2YQQcplhX_AC-xq9_uxl6ilkJmwi0og/s1600/DSC00035.JPG" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> It is now thought that de' Medici may have died of gangrene.<img src="http://s3.stliq.com/c/m/1/17/27739542_film-pi-stasera-lun-genn-2014-sulla-tv-in-chiaro-0.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Giovanni's premature death</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>metaphorically<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">signaled the end of the age of the</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">condottieri</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, as their mode of fighting (which emphasized armored knights on horseback) was rendered practically obsolete</span><img src="http://www.claudiocolombo.net/FotoDVD/ilmestieredellearmi2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> by the introduction of the mobile field</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">cannon</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. He is therefore known as the last of the great Italian</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">condottieri</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. His lasting reputation has been kept alive in part thanks to</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Pietro Aretino</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,</span><img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT-TWe5eKFbE9NwnuW8GZISTFM1a6ndEc8luwnaWBTXo8lusPwe" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> the Renaissance author, satirist, playwright and "scourge of the princes", who was Giovanni's close friend and accompanied him on some of his exploits.</span><img src="http://www.claudiocolombo.net/FotoDVD/ilmestieredellearmi.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></span></div>
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<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/Mzk4WDYwMA==/z/DiwAAOSwkNZUjNIa/$_35.JPG" height="424" width="640" /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Typically, Lincoln brings to mind the Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation, the Gettysburg Address and fords theatre</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><img src="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/medtour/images/fords.jpg" /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yet on the 150th anniversary of his death, let’s seek out Lincoln’s influence and legacy pertaining to the American West.</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgQZbi7CBbusf6dyL8QpGgsL1eMuc6C1eAB7MJx8OfbLn27LjCvpq1EiabfvcvTGzVrpk2iacp-OVjL6Fp-6x5AIkyPY4Oq0SHNx2KnhInPlrZPmukOc3OfPwwvEr0bG225JwBse1yztHPBuknuzrRKTatuEVrHcUNWbxax9Qb814ilP4gOLFtCqwqViZoT=" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Fords_Theatre_thumbnail.jpg" height="640" width="581" /></a></div>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Springfield—also home of Lincoln’s Tomb—definitely tops the list for Abe fans. But your travels should also </span></span>include:</span><img src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/7c/2d/d6/7c2dd68c7b29a5763d409a28507f7cb1.jpg" /></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Hodgenville, Kentucky</strong><img src="http://www.holdthepresses.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Hodgenville-1-1024x441.jpg" /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lincoln was born in a single-room farm cabin here on Sunday, February 12, 1809. Andrew Jackson might be the first “Western” president, but Lincoln did a lot for the West, and Kentucky was the frontier and helped shape the man (his parents belonged to an anti-slavery Baptist church).</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Today, an 1800s log cabin inside the Memorial Building stands on the birthplace site. The building was dedicated by President William Taft in 1911. While the cabin is not Abe’s actual home, that doesn’t matter; the National Park Service also maintains Lincoln’s Boyhood Home about 10 miles away. In 1811, a land title dispute sent the Lincolns from Sinking Spring </span><img height="266" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" width="400" />to Knob Creek, <img height="479" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSrXRlWd5hwCEYlznPhY3ev-klc9XWq6thIaChq-V3vKwTsYSFTxA" width="640" />where the family lived for the next five years before moving to Indiana.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">No, the Lincolns did not make Knob Creek bourbon, but today it’s a Jim Beam product and visitors can tour the Jim Beam American Stillhouse in nearby Clermont.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Pea Ridge, Arkansas</strong><img src="http://www.nps.gov/mwr/images/1E7EB100-155D-4519-3E9BD39FC215077C.jpg" /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Of course, Lincoln is most identified with the Civil War, and while most battles were fought in the East, the war reached the West.<img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/NDc4WDY0MA==/z/fVMAAOSwEppUPtKs/$_35.JPG" height="477" width="640" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Perhaps the most important battle west of the Mississippi took place at Pea Ridge, Arkansas, on March 7-8, 1862.<img height="349" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQM2-4oaT8r3alGlxmc1mxmQeY6wa1UPJ-gWYXItkzQqThfXi6p" width="640" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Roughly 26,000 soldiers battled here, and things got Western. Wild Bill Hickok is said to have fought for the Union while some of Confederate Gen. Albert Pike’s Cherokee Mounted Rifles scalped and mutilated Union soldiers.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Union victory kept Missouri in Union control.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Today, this 4,300-acre National Military Park honors those who fought on both sides. For the true </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Western experience, there’s even a nine-mile horse trail.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. St. Joseph, Missouri</strong><img height="448" 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" width="640" /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Most people know about the Pony Express, whose riders delivered some 34,763 letters and rode roughly 616,000 miles during its 18 months of existence.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The fastest delivery from St. Joe to Sacramento, California, took seven days, 17 hours; the riders carried the story of Lincoln’s inaugural address. Another series of rides—eight days, 14 hours—informed California that Fort Sumter, South Carolina, had been shelled.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Yet another Pony Express story claims that <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sacramento Bee</em> founder James McClatchy uncovered evidence that General Albert Sidney Johnston, commanding the Department of the Pacific, planned on turning army stores over to the South.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> McClatchy sent a letter to Senator E.D. Baker, delivered by the Pony Express (at least to St. Joe), and when word reached Lincoln, he ordered Gen. Edwin Sumner to California to relieve Johnston. I’m not sure <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">if it’s true, but it makes a good tale. Johnston </span>resigned in March 1861 and was killed at Shiloh in April 1862.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Even if you don’t go for spy-thriller stuff, the Pony Express National Museum in St. Joseph, with its Pikes Peak Stables and great artifacts, is fun to visit.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Lecompton, Kansas</strong><img src="http://img.kansasmemory.org/thumb500/d00000331.jpg" height="378" width="640" /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">No, Lincoln didn’t speak here—he did in Elwood, Kansas, just across the river from St. Joe, in 1859—but Lecompton might have been the key to Lincoln’s political life.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1855, Lecompton became Kansas’s territorial capital, and here the legislature drafted a constitution that would admit Kansas as a slave state. Slave state? When most Kansas settlers abhorred slavery? That happened because pro-slavery Missourians crossed the border to cast ballots (another reason it’s not safe to wear University of Missouri T-shirts in this state).</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In Washington, the Senate passed the constitution, but the House eventually rejected it in February 1858. President James Buchanan wanted the constitution to pass; Senator Stephen Douglas was adamantly against it. In the end, the Democrat party split into bickering factions, which allowed Lincoln to win the presidential election with 39 percent of the popular vote. Lincoln wouldn’t have become president without the Lecompton constitution.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">At least, that’s what they say here, where history is preserved at the Territorial Capital Museum, Constitution Hall and 1854-61 Democratic Party headquarters.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Nicodemus, Kansas</strong><img src="http://www.nps.gov/nico/learn/historyculture/images/Big-TownSM.jpg" /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sure, it’s post-Lincoln, but there would be no Nicodemus—or other black settlements in the West—if not for our 16th president.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Former slaves from Kentucky decided to head for the promised land of Kansas, forming Nicodemus Town Company on April 18, 1877. A 160-acre townsite plat was filed in June. By the end of July, some 30 settlers had arrived. Hundreds more would follow before hard winters and the lack of a railroad doomed Nicodemus, which began fading away by the late 1880s.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Faded, but never completely abandoned. Since 1996, Nicodemus National Historic Site has preserved one of the oldest and the only remaining black settlements west of the Mississippi. Five buildings keep this town’s legacy alive.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Homestead National Monument, Nebraska</strong><img height="420" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT8_Njkc1_hP9bTu9jPi5dPYBtr7M0Uyw6mQ8P9kMjowQvcJa6G7w" width="640" /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lincoln absolutely helped the Westward movement with the Homestead Act of 1862, saying the government needed “to elevate the condition of men, to lift artificial burdens from all shoulders, and to give everyone an unfettered start and a fair chance in the race of life.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The act granted 160 acres of free land to claimants.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Easy land? Not hardly. You had to improve the claim to get your deed. Plowing 10 acres—required for the homestead—meant walking at least 100 miles.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The first person to file claim was Daniel <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Freeman, who filed in Brownville, </span>Nebraska, at 12:10 a.m. (government hours were not like they are now) January 1, 1863.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It’s Freeman’s farm that the National Park Service preserves roughly four miles west of Beatrice, but the park’s not just about Freeman. It celebrates those 1.6 million homesteaders who transferred 270 million acre</span>s from public land to private hands.</span></span></div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;">7. Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Another part of what might be considered Lincoln’s New Deal for the West was the Pacific Railway Act, which became law on July 1, 1862.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">This law paved the way for the </span>transcontinental railroad, which linked East and West. Abe didn’t live to see completion of the railroad at Promontory Point, Utah, in 1869.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">To celebrate Lincoln and the rails, check out the Union Pacific Railroad Museum in Council Bluffs, where the Lincoln Collection Exhibit celebrates all things Abe. And cross over into Omaha’s Historic Old Market to see the Durham Museum, housed in Union Station.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;">8. Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota</span></strong></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Three million people can’t be wrong, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">and that’s how many people visit this </span>towering monument near Keystone in the Black Hills.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lincoln shares billing with George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and </span>Theodore Roosevelt.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">George did the founding, Tom did the expanding, Teddy did the preserving and Abe did the unifying.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Gutzon Borglum did the carving. Well, a lot of it, anyway.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Construction began around 1927, and the presidents’ faces were completed between 1934 and 1939. The original plan was to feature the presidents all the way down to their waists, but Borglum died in March 1941, which pretty much ended the carving and led to the dedication of Mount Rushmore on October 31, 1941.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;">9. Mankato, Minnesota</span></strong></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Not everything Abe did was pleasant. A lot of Indians west of the Mississippi likely aren’t celebrating the passage of the Homestead or Pacific Railway acts. And they certainly don’t like what happened in this southern Minnesota city in 1863.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lincoln, whose grandfather had been killed by Indians, met with several Indians during his terms, but “Lincoln’s call to ‘bind up the nation’s wounds’ was never applied to Native Americans,” historian David A. Nichols writes.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">With the Dakota outbreak almost over, military tribunals left more than 300 Dakotas sentenced to death. Lincoln stepped in to review the transcripts and eventually commuted the sentences of hundreds, but not all.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thirty-eight Indians were hanged here on a single platform on December 26, 1862, in America’s largest mass execution.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">More than 150 years later, one Indian website notes: “YOUR GREAT ‘EMANCIPATOR’ WAS A MURDERER PLAIN AND SIMPLE.”</span></span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: white; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Visitors won’t find much about the hanging at the Blue Earth County Heritage Center, but Reconciliation Park was dedicated in 1997 on the execution site.</span></div>
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It’s not a fun place to visit, which is why maybe we should return to Disneyland—</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I mean, Springfield, Illinois.</span></span></span></div>
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Britain is a country blessed with a wealth of history; from ancient Celtic barrows, through to Roman villas and imposing medieval fortresses, and on to the architectural splendour of the Victorian era. From Stonehenge to St Albans Abbey, from Windsor Castle to Westminster, our ancestors have left us all with a precious legacy; a huge array of buildings – many of them open to the public – which serve as a timeless testimony to our extensive heritage. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWx9c6JmMhKTfjVDkvHUvQz8fhGlTBmi8PmYmR3Efj-ZIxcIdGV3wkB_-gpdMPU7amGUtefK3KOaIa7s81-Tosf376fJhnxpuBDgTo0ZzESMQiWGryMiphBON4ofEkubOSP2vrinaQHCg/s1600/%2524%2528KGrHqN%252C%2521h8E1K4Oc6MhBN%252CFV5GkBw%257E%257E_12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" q6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWx9c6JmMhKTfjVDkvHUvQz8fhGlTBmi8PmYmR3Efj-ZIxcIdGV3wkB_-gpdMPU7amGUtefK3KOaIa7s81-Tosf376fJhnxpuBDgTo0ZzESMQiWGryMiphBON4ofEkubOSP2vrinaQHCg/s640/%2524%2528KGrHqN%252C%2521h8E1K4Oc6MhBN%252CFV5GkBw%257E%257E_12.jpg" width="640" /></a>cherilea</div>
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When walking around such places, places which have survived and persisted through generation after generation of Britons, it is easy to feel that these solid rock-hewn castles and towering cathedrals are impregnable; that they will simply always be there as a constant national bequest for future generations to inherit.<br />
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<img src="http://www.search.windowsonwarwickshire.org.uk/content/images/3/6/Resource/3693-0.jpg" height="487" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /><br />
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But history does not stand still, and our ancient fortresses – built to withstand the enemies of their day – are not always proof against the inevitable march of progress. The occupying Romans desecrated centuries-old Druidic temples, Cromwell destroyed castles across the land upon gaining power and Henry VIII obliterated a wealth of ancient abbeys and monasteries. Of course, such destruction has always been cyclical, part of our historical evolution, and for every desecrated temple we have, in the fullness of time, gained a Roman villa. For every devastated castle a magnificent country manor has been constructed.<br />
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History, and the buildings which remain as its legacy, is always developing, always evolving. However, in more modern times – from the industrialisation of the Victorian era through to the consumerism of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries – a new type of evolution has developed: one which uses up our heritage as a resource, without necessarily replacing it. <br />
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As the United Kingdom gained in prosperity at the turn of the Nineteenth century, two key social and political developments occurred. Firstly the country moved from a hierarchical structure, based upon a wide divide between the ruling classes and the masses, to become a capitalist system, based upon the forces of trade and economics. Economy became the key – and this can be seen in the legacy of buildings that this era has produced: minimalist structures, often temporary and built of cheap, mass-produced materials, unlikely to survive down the centuries for future generations to marvel at.<br />
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The second development, a result of increased economic prosperity and stability, was the blurring of the divide between the haves and the have-nots, and the rise of the affluent middle-classes. This, along with the booms in immigration both after the Second World War and with the opening up of Europe at the end of the Twentieth century, led to an explosion in the demand for affordable housing and – as a result – land became a valuable commodity.<br />
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This shift of focus to the needs of the populace, coupled with the need for more and more land to build on, is perhaps a greater threat to face our legacy of historical buildings than the gunpowder and cannons of old. Throughout the last century, despite the work of bodies such as English Heritage and the National Trust in preserving much of our heritage for the public, many beautiful and unique buildings and their lands have been sold off. These valuable national heirlooms have been divided up, demolished and obliterated, to be replaced with uniform, utilitarian housing estates and commercial industrial sites. Unlike the Romans, the Elizabethans and the Victorians, our modern architects rarely seek to continue the cycle of history. Their concern is to build extensively, efficiently and cheaply – as the vast, faceless, prefabricated silos of our modern commercial parks testify.<br />
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Where we do seek to be innovative in our buildings, often there is an element of form over content, and a sense of building for the moment rather than for the future. Sir Norman Foster’s impressive glass structures for example, whilst visually stunning and highly innovative, are unlikely to remain intact for centuries to come.<br />
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Given this fact, and given that the demand for land for new housing is continuing to grow, it is perhaps a small comfort that we do at least have the means to capture a sense of what we are losing and have already lost. With the advent of photography, of film and more recently the Internet, we have the means to preserve the images of the constructions that have vanished forever, to document for future generations the legacy of our ancestors which we have sold off in the name of progress. <br />
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This account seeks to preserve what remains of one of those lost heirlooms, a place variously known as Weddington Hall or Weddington Castle. Evolving from a Royal Hunting Lodge in the ancient village of Weddington to become an extensive fortified Hall set amidst beautifully landscaped gardens, this centuries-old building was demolished in the 1920s to make way for a housing estate. This website cannot serve, therefore, as a guide to your knowledge as you walk through the wooden floored library of the Hall, or ascend the imposing staircase of fine old oak that once greeted visitors, or wander around the picturesque boating lake that graced the Hall’s grounds. It does, however, seek to bring together what remains of this once-splendid building. <br />
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Of course, such remains - a handful of black and white photographs, the occasional record in local journals - can never replace the actual physical presence of this lost building; cannot evoke the atmosphere and sense of continuity that one feels when walking on ancient flagstones where kings and queens have walked centuries before. But they can at least serve as a reminder that for all our wealth of history that has survived down the years, there is a sub-strata of history that did not survive. The suburban estates and grey factories of today are built upon the solid foundations and extravagant gardens of once-great manors that now only exist – ghostlike – in faded photographs and historical archives.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-39807096770525692522015-04-18T09:33:00.002+01:002015-04-18T09:33:52.409+01:00silver city<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlzJtOtRAfO5r3K1f5A8NPsIVQdEDl27FZsg63e_VkzLYJGJTqcJEsYhEmdh93LejUgvSjsS_GojRjbfTpE-Avrf9tpJyFfIXCpPIWAMWN062AaMb5axkr9IxRbnSlViZOnGLl3vo0E0cr/s1600/%2521CE%2529nQVgCGk%257E%2524%2528KGrHqF%252C%2521lkE1F390t3UBNS-QdMF7w%257E%257E_12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlzJtOtRAfO5r3K1f5A8NPsIVQdEDl27FZsg63e_VkzLYJGJTqcJEsYhEmdh93LejUgvSjsS_GojRjbfTpE-Avrf9tpJyFfIXCpPIWAMWN062AaMb5axkr9IxRbnSlViZOnGLl3vo0E0cr/s640/%2521CE%2529nQVgCGk%257E%2524%2528KGrHqF%252C%2521lkE1F390t3UBNS-QdMF7w%257E%257E_12.jpg" width="488" /></span><span style="color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">Silver City is the queen of Idaho ghost towns. And while she may be a ghost town during the winter months, in the summer a </span></a><img src="http://playsetaddict.com/000xwt1bdS.jpg" style="text-align: left;" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlzJtOtRAfO5r3K1f5A8NPsIVQdEDl27FZsg63e_VkzLYJGJTqcJEsYhEmdh93LejUgvSjsS_GojRjbfTpE-Avrf9tpJyFfIXCpPIWAMWN062AaMb5axkr9IxRbnSlViZOnGLl3vo0E0cr/s1600/%2521CE%2529nQVgCGk%257E%2524%2528KGrHqF%252C%2521lkE1F390t3UBNS-QdMF7w%257E%257E_12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;">combinatioon of weekend visitors and local residents make for a busy community. </span></a></div>
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<img src="http://www.ghosttowngallery.com/ghostsid/silvercityid12.jpg" height="335" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="500" /><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">During the late 1960's and early 1970's the Dave & Arvilla Mills family began hauling in historic local Kern Valley structures, (many of which were slated for destruction) to the present site in </span><img height="611" src="http://thumbs3.ebaystatic.com/d/l225/m/mNTf_KVxu4sW9G-4mKSuNsA.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="640" /><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">Bodfish. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">"Represented in this composite town are over twenty historic buildings (most not visible from Lake Isabella Blvd) from the mining camps of Keyesville, Whiskey Flat, old Isabella, Claraville, Hot Springs, Miracle, Southfork and other local frontier settlements"</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"> Silver City was closed for over 15 years until it was purchased by the Corlew family in 1990 and re-opened to the public shortly thereafter. Over the years it had fallen in disrepair and had been "modernized". </span><img src="http://playsetaddict.com/000xwt7wideS.jpg" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">The Corlew's have logged more than 20,000 man hours of loving restoration work on the site. Many people have donated labor and support (special thanks to Hal Brown and Don and Emily Diggles) and materials to the effort.</span><img height="640" src="http://www.lakeisabella.net/silvercity/images/sc1.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="480" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">It is now operated as a museum to the Kern Valley's long and colorful history. Like Bodie Ghost Town in Northern California, Silver City has adopted a policy of �arrested decay�. Corlew says, �We want to show how local gold outposts may have looked after the gold ran out and the miners moved on, we are not trying to make it look brand new�. Visitors can go inside the original Isabella jail (gunslinger, Newt Walker was locked up here in 1905).</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">Owner and local historian J. Paul Corlew is knowledgeable about other settlement sites nearby and will guide Ghost Town argonauts to these remnants of the "Kern Valley Diggin's" rich history.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">Many believe that Silver City is haunted by spirits from that past and the site is listed in the �National Directory of Haunted Places�. Which brings to mind the question: Since most of the buildings were moved to the present site over a quarter of a century ago, did the ghost's move with the buildings or move in because it looked like home? Corlew, once a doubting Thomas, heard many stories over the years of poltergeist activity. But it was only after seven years of working on the site that he had his first conclusive sighting. �When you and two other people (all sober!) see a heavy miners lunch pail fly twelve feet across a room unaided you become a believer real quick�, says Corlew. Others have reported bottles floating in the air and doors and windows opening and closing by themselves.</span><img height="640" src="http://www.lakeisabella.net/silvercity/images/sc5.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" width="480" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">The infamous violin hanging in front of the general store sometimes seems to move by itself and many have heard the strings pluck as they walk by, according to Corlew. Reporter Kurt Rivera from Bakersfield�s Channel 17 News (TV) station called Silver City �The most haunted site in Kern County� after he and his television crew spent an eerie night in The Apalatea/Burlando house a few years back.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">Take a look at some of the many photos taken at Silver City by visitors and staff alike over the years and decide for yourself...</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"> </span><a href="http://www.lakeisabella.net/silvercity/ghost.htm" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small; text-align: left;">apparition and orb photos</a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">In addition, check out Biography Channel�s �My Ghost Story� video which explores decades of alleged hauntings on site in a great 9 minute video available for download on demand see link below.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">Now open year round: Open 7 days per week 10 AM-4 PM, 5 PM weekends, May 15th through September 14th. Open weekends only 10 AM-4 PM September 15th through May 14th. Often open other days by chance (and anytime by appointment)Open all major holidays except New Years Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-23424666253254809032015-04-17T23:24:00.002+01:002015-04-17T23:24:19.282+01:00geronimo<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: helvetica, arial, 'lucida grande', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">For two decades, Fort Bowie strategically controlled Apache Springs along the Butterfield Trail in the Arizona Territory in its conflict with the Chiricahuas. Gen. George Crook led his cavalry from Bowie and Fort Huachuca for ten months across the Southwest and into Mexico to find Geronimo and negotiate his first surrender in 1885-’86.</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> At the time of European encounter, they, with their close kinsmen of the </span>Tchihende<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and </span>Ndendahe<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> groups, were living in 15 million acres (61,000 km</span><sup style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 1;">2</sup><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">) of territory in southwestern </span>New Mexico<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and southeastern </span>Arizona<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in the </span>United States<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and in northern </span>Sonora<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img src="http://www.texasescapes.com/TOWNS/Sonora/SonoraTexasDowntown1898SonoraCofC.jpg" height="410" width="640" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and </span>Chihuahua<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in </span>Mexico<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Today, only two tribes of the Chiricahua Apache located in the United</span><img src="http://thumbs3.ebaystatic.com/d/l225/m/mSk280dJgd-Azk876xixHvg.jpg" height="360" width="400" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> States are</span>federally recognized<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">: the </span>Fort Sill Apache Tribe<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, located near </span>Apache, Oklahoma<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">; </span><img alt="Amphlett Brothers Drug and Jewelry Store in Apache" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Amphlett_Brothers_Drug_and_Jewelry_Store.jpg/800px-Amphlett_Brothers_Drug_and_Jewelry_Store.jpg" height="300" width="400" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and the Chiricahua tribe located on the</span>Mescalero<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span><img alt="Mescalero Apache Tribal Offices Community Center New Mexico.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mescalero_Apache_Tribal_Offices_Community_Center_New_Mexico.jpg/800px-Mescalero_Apache_Tribal_Offices_Community_Center_New_Mexico.jpg" height="300" width="400" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Apache reservation near </span>Ruidoso,<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Mescalero_tipis.jpg" height="235" width="400" /> New Mexico<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeC4TgeU6fMkL_FIGTVGZwYtgrZmEkXDhCifUHS3cHRT8ALoMYv1gewppadr4FIIkxCy3jhn8NaflanzumTgHbjF_hK2NcJ_ENvkBoUfNgt_qtfyNa4d3waCVnrOYGzaYTJLDGk-tTC-cL/s1600/11081096_10152719411945264_3432374411351331218_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeC4TgeU6fMkL_FIGTVGZwYtgrZmEkXDhCifUHS3cHRT8ALoMYv1gewppadr4FIIkxCy3jhn8NaflanzumTgHbjF_hK2NcJ_ENvkBoUfNgt_qtfyNa4d3waCVnrOYGzaYTJLDGk-tTC-cL/s1600/11081096_10152719411945264_3432374411351331218_n.jpg" height="416" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">Tsokanende (Chiricahua) Apache division was once led, since the beginning of the 18th century, by chiefs as</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Pisago Cabezon<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Relles<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Posito Moraga<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Yrigollen<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Tapilà<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Teboca<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Vivora<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Miguel Narbona<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Esquinaline<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, and finally</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Cochise<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">(whose name was derived from the Apache word</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">Cheis,</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">meaning "having the quality of oak") and, after his death, his sons</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Tahzay<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">and, later,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Naiche<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, under the guardianship of Cochise's war chief</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Nahilzay<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, and the independent chiefs</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Chihuahua<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Skinya<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">and</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Pionsenay<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">; Tchihende (Mimbreño) people was led, during the same period, by chiefs as</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Juan Josè Compa<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, Fuerte a.k.a.</span>Soldado Fiero<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Mangas Coloradas<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Cuchillo Negro<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Delgadito<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">, Ponce,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Nana<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Victorio<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Loco<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Mangus<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">; Ndendahe Apache people, in the meanwhile, was led by</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Mahko<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Mano Mocha<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Coleto <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Curry_County_Eastern_New_Mexico_2010.jpg/1280px-Curry_County_Eastern_New_Mexico_2010.jpg" style="text-align: left;" />Amarillo<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Luis<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Laceres<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Felipe<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Natiza<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>Juh<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">and</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><i>Goyaałé</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">(known to the Americans as Geronimo);</span><img alt="Edward S. Curtis Geronimo Apache cp01002v.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Edward_S._Curtis_Geronimo_Apache_cp01002v.jpg" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> after Victorio's death, Nana, Geronimo, Mangus (youngest Mangas Colaradas' son) and youngest Cochise's son</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">Naiche</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Chief_Naiche.png" style="text-align: left;" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">were the last leaders of Central Apaches, and their mixed Apache group was the last to continue to resist</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>U.S. government<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">control of the</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;"> </span>American Southwest<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: left;">.</span><img src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/b5/e5/9e/b5e59eb930e2e321cb6bc50e258872fa.jpg" style="text-align: left;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Several loosely affiliated bands of Apache came improperly to be usually known as the Chiricahuas. These included the<i>Chokonen</i> (recte: Tsokanende), the <i>Chihenne</i> (recte: Tchihende), <img src="http://terrykreuzer.com/images/Apache_Bird_Woman_mask.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">the </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Nednai</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> (</span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Nednhi</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">) and </span><i style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Bedonkohe</i><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> (recte, both of them together: Ndendahe). Today, all are commonly referred to as Chiricahua, but they were not historically a single band nor the same Apache division, being more correctly identified, all together, as "Central Apaches".</span><img src="http://e-humanity.org/multimedia/nmai/2/12391_NMAI_315952/full/P09901.700x700.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Many other bands and groups of Apachean language-speakers ranged over eastern Arizona and the American Southwest. The bands that are grouped under the Chiricahua term today had much history together: they intermarried and lived alongside each other, and they also occasionally fought with each other. They formed short-term as well as longer alliances that have caused scholars to classify them as one people.<img height="640" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/1d/df/68/1ddf68986544d60f8a13411171fa4ed9.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" width="469" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The Apachean groups and the Navajo peoples were part of the Athabaskan migration into the North American continent from Asia, across the Bering Strait from Siberia.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> As the people moved south and east into North America, groups splintered off and became differentiated by language and culture over time. Some anthropologists believe that the Apache and the Navajo were pushed south and west into what is now New Mexico and Arizona by pressure from other Great Plains Indians, such as the Comanche and Kiowa<img alt="In Summer, Kiowa.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/In_Summer%2C_Kiowa.jpg/640px-In_Summer%2C_Kiowa.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. Among the last of such splits were those that resulted in the formation of the different Apachean bands whom the later Europeans encountered: the southwestern Apache groups and the Navajo. Although both speaking forms of Southern Athabaskan, the Navajo and Apache have become culturally distinct.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">From the beginning of EuropeanAmerican/Apache relations, there was conflict between them, as they competed for land and other resources, and had very different cultures. Their encounters were preceded by more than 100 years of Spanish colonial and Mexican incursions and settlement on the Apache lands.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The United States settlers were newcomers to the competition for land and resources in the Southwest, but they inherited its complex history, and brought their own attitudes with them about American Indians and how to use the land. By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the US took on the responsibility to prevent and punish cross-border incursions by Apache who were raiding in Mexico.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The Apache viewed the United States colonists with ambivalence, and in some cases, enlisted them as allies in the early years against the Mexicans. In 1852, the US and some of the Chiricahua signed a treaty, but it had little lasting effect.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">During the 1850s, American miners and settlers began moving into Chiricahua territory, beginning encroachment that had been renewed in the migration to the Southwest of the previous two decades.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">This forced the Apachean people to change their lives as nomads, free on the land. The US Army defeated them and forced them into the confinement of reservation life, on lands ill-suited for subsistence farming, which the US proffered as the model of civilization. Today, the Chiricahua are preserving their culture as much as possible, while forging new relationships with the peoples around them. The Chiricahua are a living and vibrant culture, a part of the greater American whole and yet distinct based on their history and culture.<img alt="Farny 44.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Farny_44.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The <b>Apache–Mexico Wars</b>, or the <b>Mexican Apache Wars</b>, refer to the conflicts between Spanish or Mexican forces and theApache peoples. The wars began in the 1600s with the arrival of Spanish colonists in present day New Mexico. War between the Mexicans and the Apache was especially intense from 1831 into the 1850s. Thereafter, Mexican operations against the Apache coincided with the Apache Wars of the United States, such as during the Victorio Campaign.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> Mexico continued to operate against hostile Apache bands as late as 1915.<b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Victorio 's War</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"><img alt="Victorio Chiricahua Apache Chief.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Victorio_Chiricahua_Apache_Chief.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, or the </span><b style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Victorio Campaign</b><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, was an </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">armed conflict</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> between the </span>Apache<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> followers of </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Chief</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> </span>Victorio<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">United States</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, and </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Mexico</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> beginning in September 1879. Following his escape from the </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">San Carlos Indian Reservation</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">southeastern </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Arizona</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, Victorio led a </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">guerrilla war</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> across the </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Southwest</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and northern Mexico. Many engagements were fought until the </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Mexican Army</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> killed Victorio and defeated his </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">warriors</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in October 1880. After Victorio's death, Chief </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Nana</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> continued the war into 1881. Following the </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Battle of Cibecue Creek</span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">,<img src="http://www.scenicusa.net/images/JN10CibecueCreekPD.jpg" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;" /></span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in August 1881, Nana and his band joined </span><span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Geronimo</span></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-32758516438108374172015-04-17T22:54:00.000+01:002015-04-17T22:54:46.492+01:00circus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="Another View... this time of Ben Hur Deluxe" src="http://pbem.brainiac.com/circmax/benhurdeluxe.jpg" style="text-align: left;" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSlPfIAy-GG4cZ3Yho2cLJnVVSiJ298QDKZyVo1jIbfTj-MQEAlk6x-Vmh_0ECicb7-7qn06pP_FXmk_yJ3g7nngVgoG0kRewMbFWjQMHd80cn6d3aRVBO-HNZ9WXnY-swGqjWMzyYoJiE/s1600/4354_l.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="324" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSlPfIAy-GG4cZ3Yho2cLJnVVSiJ298QDKZyVo1jIbfTj-MQEAlk6x-Vmh_0ECicb7-7qn06pP_FXmk_yJ3g7nngVgoG0kRewMbFWjQMHd80cn6d3aRVBO-HNZ9WXnY-swGqjWMzyYoJiE/s640/4354_l.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-12106788363374041502015-04-15T21:24:00.001+01:002015-04-16T08:33:19.159+01:00apache station<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Photograph_of_Bezaleel_W._Armstrong%2C_ca._1846_-_NARA_-_530873.tif"><img alt="File:Photograph of Bezaleel W. Armstrong, ca. 1846 - NARA - 530873.tif" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Photograph_of_Bezaleel_W._Armstrong%2C_ca._1846_-_NARA_-_530873.tif/lossy-page1-479px-Photograph_of_Bezaleel_W._Armstrong%2C_ca._1846_-_NARA_-_530873.tif.jpg" height="600" width="479" /></a>Cooke's Springs were named for Philip St. George Cooke 2nd U.S. Dragoons the former commander of the Mormon Battalion,<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Mormon_Battalion_Ed_Fraughton.jpg"><img alt="File:Mormon Battalion Ed Fraughton.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Mormon_Battalion_Ed_Fraughton.jpg" height="480" width="366" /></a> that was exploring this area of New Mexico in 1853. It was the only large supply of fresh water between Mesilla and the Mimbres River for wagons heading to California on the Southern Immigrant Trail as well as the later Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach route.</b><img src="https://studiovalidus.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/us-infantry-i.jpg" /><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> The Cooke's Springs Station of the Butterfield Overland Mail was located near Cooke's Springs from 1858 to 1861.<img src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-1yj3deUUTlo/TqrqA-WYUII/AAAAAAAAOoc/vcf00lfz434/spring%252520house%25255B3%25255D.jpg" height="425" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /></b></span></span><br />
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Cookes Springs were located at the eastern mouth of the upper part of Cookes Canyon</b><img 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" /><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">, a narrow gap in the Mimbres Mountains.<img src="http://www.summitpost.org/images/medium/451133.jpg" height="480" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /> Between 1848 and 1861 the pass was a dangerous place for travelers who were often ambushed</b></span></span><img src="https://scottmingus.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/img_3468.jpg" /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> and killed by the Apache as they passed through it. Following the Bascom Affair</b></span></span><img src="https://scottmingus.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/dobbin1.jpg" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">After much pressure from serving Officer's there was a revision to the old civil war uniforms authorised in 1872, it was however some time before these new uniforms were delivered to the far western <img alt="CT606 M1883 Campaign Shirt" src="http://www.sutlers.co.uk/acatalog/RB606NV.jpg" />outposts. On campaign the men continued to wear the civil war uniforms that were still in plentiful supply, whilst the new uniform was kept for dress occassions. These are our M1872 Mounted trousers with top opening pockets & re-inforced seat, this pair has Sergeants 1,1/2" yellw wool chevron stripe on the outside leg, </span><img alt="CT607 1884 Pattern trousers" src="http://www.sutlers.co.uk/acatalog/1884-trs.jpg" style="background-color: black; color: white;" /><b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">1884 Pattern trousers</b><img alt="CT607Inf 1884 Infantry pattern trousers" src="http://www.sutlers.co.uk/acatalog/IW-Inf-Trs.jpg" style="background-color: black; color: white;" /><b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">1884 Infantry pattern trousers<img alt="CT604 M1872 Cavalry Trousers" src="http://www.sutlers.co.uk/acatalog/RB604NV.jpg" /></b><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The Bascom Affair began on January 27, 1861, when Tonto Apache Indian parties raided the ranch of John Ward at Sonoita Creek,<img src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQRXDL7-lvC0MkfHLiQjhfW5DoHTwfmlpeZGT1J0R7x-KH1gC2Gjd7Bb1BT0Q" height="425" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /> stealing several livestock and kidnapping Ward's 12-year-old stepson Felix Ward.Ward complained about the raid to the nearby military authority, Lieutenant Colonel Morrison, the commandant of Fort Buchanan, Arizona,<img alt="Fort Buchanan ruins 1914.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Fort_Buchanan_ruins_1914.jpg" /> who directed Lieutenant George Nicholas Bascom <img src="http://api.ning.com/files/MXekbi0HELhQ5pko40T1Tup4soBxTiZuGEFFqsDgko*91MeXxIu*-F68qAYzd*JH*PlGoBgbiPq2gd5b7yhgcemw3WcYR*5z/Basom2012A.jpg" />and a large group of infantry to attempt to recover the boy. Bascom and his men were unable to locate the boy or the tribe. Bascom determined that the raid was done by Chiricahua Apache Indians. Morrison ordered Bascom to use whatever means necessary to punish the kidnappers and recapture the boy.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Bascom, Ward, and 54 soldiers journeyed east to the Apache Pass, arriving on February 3, 1861, and met Sergeant Daniel Robinson, who would accompany them for the rest of the expedition. Bascom convinced an Indian leader named Cochise<img alt="Cochise sculpture (Cień).jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Cochise_sculpture_%28Cie%C5%84%29.jpg" />to meet with him. Suspicious of Bascom's plans, Cochise brought with him his brother Coyuntwa, two nephews, his wife, and his two children.At the meeting, Cochise claimed he knew nothing of the affair. Doubting the Indian's honesty, Bascom attempted to imprison him and his family in a tent to be held hostage, but Cochise was able to escape with only a leg wound. Bascom met Cochise at Apache Pass<img alt="ApachePassAZ.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ApachePassAZ.JPG/1024px-ApachePassAZ.JPG" />and captured him. Cochise escaped and Bascom captured five members of Cochise's family in retaliation, prompting Cochise to lay ambushes and capture four Americans whom he offered to trade for his family members.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> things were even worse as the Apache, formerly friendly to the stage company destroyed most of the stations and destroyed many coaches and killed their passengers and for over a decade later hundreds of other travelers. Cooke's Pass was a favored location for these ambushes and it acquired the name Massacre Canyon after incidents like the Battle of Cookes Canyon.</span></span><img src="http://www.magicalmimbresvalley.com/data12/images/cooke61.jpg" /><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-12281982543908533152015-04-14T10:05:00.000+01:002015-04-14T10:05:41.946+01:00the life and times of the earl of essex<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">ex</b><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">,</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> (10 November 1565</span><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex_by_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger.jpg/250px-Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex_by_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger.jpg" height="640" width="500" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> – 25 February 1601) was an English nobleman and a </span>favourite<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> of </span>Elizabeth I<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">. Politically ambitious, and a </span></span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwVQ027cKC8TJZWJYCOV7f3GRXUFYDu0ZNhgg_VQES-4LVVL9H7buKoWzGHe7UD2RJCibn83JHxDl0nsJbS9E-ebJxucxteZiZXvdkxQskP4TCwnynpTcg9cpyOPzRcA1lYSUjr1Z3ydqh/s1600/IMG_3060.jpg" /><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">committed general, he was placed under </span>house arrest<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> following a poor campaign in Ireland during the </span>Nine </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Years' War</span><span style="color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> in 1599.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0TKpECldwHIjrjYQwkx3zUUDOtka8nlDpnLkdn_fwf-a-jXkGZy_8FBbI3Cp00o6QhuaLG4N-pVB0mkti3Ms4-io4tiQO5Na4VodNg-LfB2hpGexmnzg43gTPjI9-QcoPKl9t4-NE5y4/s1600/Essex+Dutch+armoured+pikemen.jpg" style="color: white;" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: white;"> In 1601 he led an </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">abortive </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">coup d'état<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> against the government and was executed for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason" style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" title="Treason">treason</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">.</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Essex was born on 10 </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">November 1565 at Netherwood near Bromyard</span><img src="http://www.bromyardsessions.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/falcon.jpg" height="479" width="640" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">, in Herefordshire, the son of</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> </span>Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">and</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> </span>Lettice Knollys<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">. <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lettice_Knollys1.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lettice_Knollys1.jpg/250px-Lettice_Knollys1.jpg" height="640" width="469" /></a>His maternal great-grandmother</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivOYNu2yaPiCbpBEvYulTGChw5ZugObIhab3WCVff7plsss5cvTOrZ7MF_nm9XmoO_Fu-mf6D62h0T_VI3GNGreOyCs6Y84AhlecfnvxsYY50AjuT7kdANWN1lSw3GI0S3USFnWgjfHKU/s640/Bicorne+armoured+pikemen.jpg" height="554" width="640" /><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> </span>Mary Boleyn<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">was a sister of</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> </span>Anne Boleyn<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">, mother of Queen Elizabeth I, making him a first-cousin-twice-removed of the Queen.</span><img src="http://www.r-l-p.co.uk/images/chartley.gif" height="480" width="640" /></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The <b>Nine Years' War</b> took place in Ireland from 1594 to 1603. It was fought between the forces of Gaelic Irish chieftains Hugh O'Neill<img src="http://www.oracleireland.com/Ireland/people/images/oneill.jpg" height="376" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="268" /> of Tír Eoghain, Hugh Roe O'Donnell <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGICbewYwJIlN9KEBXw5LstR9e_VHP1v-SbAb51srVAwEW2H4ULSlP6BITtVO29WoJffXqQ-skMvs0qpBRMovX4W2IWoo3v248jULCvlNuXAVrADzGwCaqUVyd_StaVDcPLHbScyKa_-ht/s1600/Fighting+Prince+poster.jpg" height="470" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="600" />of Tír Chonaill and their allies, against English rule in Ireland. The war was fought in all parts of the country, but mainly in the northern province of Ulster. It ended in defeat for the Irish chieftains, which led to their exile in the Flight of the Earls <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scene3.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dc/Scene3.jpg" height="347" width="640" /></a>and to the Plantation of Ulster.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">This was the organised colonisation of Ulster – a province of Ireland – by people from Scotland and England. Private plantation by wealthy landowners began in 1606,while official plantation controlled by King James I of England and VI of Scotland began in 1609. All land owned by Irish chieftains of the Uí Néill and Uí Domhnaill (along with those of their supporters) was confiscated and used to settle the colonists. This land comprised an estimated half a million acres (2,000 km²) in the counties Tyrconnell,<img alt="File:Co Donegal.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Co_Donegal.jpg/800px-Co_Donegal.jpg" /> Tyrone, Fermanagh, Cavan, Coleraine and Armagh. Most of the counties Antrim<img alt="File:Island of Ireland location map Antrim.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Antrim.svg/796px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Antrim.svg.png" />and Down were privately colonised</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The "British tenants", a term applied to the colonists, were mostly from Scotland and England. They were required to be English-speaking and Protestant. The Scottish colonists were mostly Presbyterian and the English mostly members of the Church of England. The Plantation of Ulster was the biggest of the Plantations of Ireland. Ulster was colonised to prevent further rebellion, as it had been the region most resistant to English control during the preceding century</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The war against O'Neill and his allies was the largest conflict fought by England in the Elizabethan era. At the height of the conflict (1600–1601) more than 18,000 soldiers were fighting in the English army in Ireland.By contrast, the English army assisting the Dutch during the Eighty Years' War was never more than 12,000 strong at any one time.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Essex was brought up on his father's estates at Chartley Castle, Staffordshire and at Lamphey, Pembrokeshire in Wales<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Lamphey_Railway_Station.jpg" /> and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge.His father died in 1576. The new Earl of Essex became a ward of Lord Burghley.<img alt="File:William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley from NPG (2).jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_from_NPG_%282%29.jpg/476px-William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_from_NPG_%282%29.jpg" /> On 21 September 1578 his mother married Robert Dudley, <img alt="File:Robert Dudley Leicester.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Robert_Dudley_Leicester.jpg/446px-Robert_Dudley_Leicester.jpg" />Earl of Leicester, Elizabeth I's long-standing favourite and Robert Devereux's godfather.<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN2A5E9AQx5lrpzN-2UBvb8GeFoEooOFTP7NsTiO-OMlFmxnxklPWMWxXluLbBOgT73L2z_tG-0ducmudO6OkkQfB_UCgdT6PMuRuDj457_JbQ2ffK1vevO58lt1uDTxHhtxDzlcNMBBg/s1600/Copplestone+English+armoured+pikemen.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Essex performed military service under his stepfather in the Netherlands, before making an impact at court and winning the Queen's favour. In 1590 he married Frances Walsingham,<img alt="File:Frances Walsingham.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Frances_Walsingham.jpg/484px-Frances_Walsingham.jpg" /> daughter of Sir Francis Walsingham<img alt="File:Sir Francis Walsingham by John De Critz the Elder.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sir_Francis_Walsingham_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder.jpg/489px-Sir_Francis_Walsingham_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder.jpg" /> and widow of Sir Philip Sidney,<img alt="File:Sir Philip Sidney from NPG.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sir_Philip_Sidney_from_NPG.jpg/427px-Sir_Philip_Sidney_from_NPG.jpg" /> by whom he was to have several children, three of whom survived into adulthood. Sidney, Leicester's nephew, died at the Battle of Zutphen in which Essex also distinguished himsel</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The Battle of Zutphen was a confrontation of the Eighty Years' War<img alt="File:Veen01.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Veen01.jpg/800px-Veen01.jpg" /> on 22 September 1586, near Zutphen<img alt="File:Zutphen Walburgiakriche.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zutphen_Walburgiakriche.jpg/800px-Zutphen_Walburgiakriche.jpg" /> (Warnsveld), the Netherlands.<img alt="File:Warnsveld, kerk foto10 2010-07-20 12.07.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Warnsveld%2C_kerk_foto10_2010-07-20_12.07.JPG/800px-Warnsveld%2C_kerk_foto10_2010-07-20_12.07.JPG" /> It was fought between forces of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, aided by the English, against the Spanish, <img src="http://www.patrickweb.it/blog/multimedia/immagini/cinema/d/destino_di_un_guerrieo_il.jpg" />who sought to regain the northern Netherlands.<img src="http://www.zapster.it/multimedia/1100/1053/big/Il_destino_di_un_guerriero_Alatriste---03.jpg" height="425" width="640" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Important English soldiers included Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester,<img src="http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Dudley/Bitmaps/1st.earl.leicester.3.jpg" /> Peregrine Bertie,<img alt="File:Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, oil painting.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Peregrine_Bertie%2C_13th_Baron_Willoughby_de_Eresby%2C_oil_painting.jpg/488px-Peregrine_Bertie%2C_13th_Baron_Willoughby_de_Eresby%2C_oil_painting.jpg" />George Whetstone,<img src="http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/27537_122036627821780_2745_n.jpg" /> Henry Unton, <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_School_16th_century_-_Sir_Henry_Unton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-British_School_16th_century_-_Sir_Henry_Unton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" />and Robert Sidney,<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Robert_Sidney%2C_1st_Earl_of_Leicester_from_NPG.jpg/220px-Robert_Sidney%2C_1st_Earl_of_Leicester_from_NPG.jpg" /> whose brother, Philip, was mortally wounded during the battle and died in Arnhem at the age of 31. A story about Sir Philip Sidney (intended as an illustration of his noble character) is that he gave his water-bottle to another wounded soldier, saying, "Thy need is greater than mine". Dudley knighted Welsh mercenary Roger Williams for his performance during the battle.(above Willie 30mm at Tradition)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Born in Penrhos, Monmouthshire, Williams was said by Anthony Wood to have attended Brasenose College, <img alt="File:Oxford Brasenose College.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Oxford_Brasenose_College.jpg" height="640" width="480" />Oxford. He spent most of his life soldiering, mainly on the continent. He was in the Netherlands fighting on behalf of William the Silent, <img alt="File:WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg/433px-WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg" />Prince of Orange, when the latter was assassinated, and helped capture the assassin, Balthasar Gérard.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Balthasar Gérard . 1557 – 14 July 1584) the assassin killed William I in Delft<img alt="File:Delft - Visbrug.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Delft_-_Visbrug.jpg/800px-Delft_-_Visbrug.jpg" /> on July 10, 1584, by shooting him twice with a pistol, and was afterwards tried, convicted, and gruesomely executed.After the reward offered by Philip of spain was published Gérard left for Luxembourg where he learned that Juan de Jáuregui<img src="http://people.lett.unitn.it/hispania/image/Teatro_img/cervantes_juan_de_jauregui.jpg" /> was already preparing to attempt the assassination, but did not succeed.Juan de Jáuregui (1562 – March 18, 1582) was killed trying to assassinate Prince William I of Orange. He was a Biscayan by his birth in Bilbao.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In 1582, he was in the service of a Spanish fur merchant, Gaspar de Añastro from Vitoria, who resided at Antwerp. De Añastro had lost three ships and was tempted by the supposed reward of 80,000 ducats and the habit of the Order of Santiago offered by Philip II of Spain<img alt="File:Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola - 002b.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/487px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" /> for the assassination of William the Silent, prince of Orange, and being himself without courage to undertake the task, De Añastro (with the help of his cashier Antonio de Venero, a 19-year-old also from Bilbao, and the Dominican monk Antonio Timmerman, from Dunkirk) persuaded his poor accounting assistant Jáuregui to attempt the murder for the sum of 2877 crowns.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">On Sunday, March 18, 1582, as the prince came out of his dining-room, Jáuregui offered him a petition, and William had no sooner taken it into his hand than Jáuregui fired a pistol at his head. Although the pistol was badly designed and malfunctioned, one bullet pierced the neck below the right ear and passed out at the left jaw-bone, but William ultimately recovered. Jáuregui was pierced on the spot by the sword of a knight in the retinue and finally killed by the halberdiers.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Upon a search on the corpse, he was found to carry two pieces of castor fur, several crosses and amulets, a green wax candle, and several papers written in Spanish.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">When William recovered, he asked a merciful execution for the survivors: Venero and Timmerman were garotted on March 28, then decapitated and quartered for public exhibition. De Añastro had left for Wallonia on March 13. He claimed the reward before Alessandro Farnese. In this case, the reward was the 25,000 escudos, nobility title and pardon actually promised by Philip II on June 1580.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Although William suffered severe injuries, he survived thanks to the care of his wife<span class="photo"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlottebourbon.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Charlottebourbon.jpg/220px-Charlottebourbon.jpg" height="640" width="487" /></a></span> Charlotte of Bourbon and his sister Mary. While William slowly recovered, the intensive care by Charlotte took its toll, and she died on May 5.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">William was finally shot dead by the French Catholic Balthasar Gérard on 10 July 1584.<a href="http://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/M082126/The-Murder-of-William-the-Silent"><img alt="picture, William of Orange, William the Silent, Balthasar Gerard, assassin, assassination, pistol, murder" class="framed" src="http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/lookandlearn-preview/M/M082/M082126.jpg" height="640" width="405" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The case was published in French, Flemish and Spanish by Christopher Plantin as <i>Bref recueil de l'assassinat, commis en la personne du Très Illustre Prince, Monseigneur le Prince d'Orange, Conte de Nassau, Marquis de la Vere, &c par Iean Iauregui Espaignol</i>, Antwerp, 1582.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Among the published writings, there was a religious vouch promising donations to Jesus Christ, Our Lady of Begoña, Our Lady of Arantzazu, Our Lady of Guadalupe at Hondarribia<img alt="File:Hondarribia Iglesia.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Hondarribia_Iglesia.jpg/653px-Hondarribia_Iglesia.jpg" />, and the Christ of Burgos. There also was a letter appealing to the goodwill of the Antwerpers. In March 1584 he went to Trier,<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Hauptmarkt_Trier.jpg"><img alt="File:Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hauptmarkt_Trier.jpg/799px-Hauptmarkt_Trier.jpg" height="313" width="799" /></a>where he put his plan before the regent of the Jesuits but another Jesuit convinced him to change his original scheme and go to the prince of Parma. <img src="http://www.viaggiscoop.it/foto/244/7304/68888.jpg" height="426" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" />In Tournai, after holding counsel with aFranciscan, Father Gery, Gérard wrote a letter, a copy of which was deposited with the guardian of the convent, and the original presented personally to the Prince of Parma. In the letter Gérard wrote, in part, <i>"The vassal ought always to prefer justice and the will of the king to his own life</i></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">At first the prince thought him unfit but after consulting Haultepenne and others with the letter he was assigned to Christoffel d'Assonleville, who spoke with Gérard, and asked him to put this in writing, which he did on 11 April 1584. He requested absolution from the prince of Parma <i>"as he was about to keep company for some time with heretics and atheists, and in some sort to conform himself to their customs"</i>.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">For his first expenses he begged for 50 crowns which were refused. "I will provide myself out of my own purse", Gérard told Assonleville, "and within six weeks you will hear of me." Assonleville responded: "Go forth, my son ... and if you succeed in your enterprise, the King will fulfill all his promises, and you will gain an immortal name besides."</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">On Sunday, 8 July 1584, Gérard loitered in the courtyard examining the premises. <img src="http://traditionoflondonshop.com/images/tennfigurer/30mm_Willie_C1a.jpg" height="378" id="il_fi" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="378" />A halberdier asked him why he was waiting there. He excused himself by saying that in his shabby clothing and without new shoes he was unfit to join the congregation in the church opposite. The halberdier unsuspectingly arranged a gift of 50 crowns for Gérard, who, the following morning purchased a pair of pistols from a soldier, haggling the price for a long time because the soldier couldn't supply the particular chopped bullets or slugs he wanted.<img alt="File:Portret van Balthasar Geeraerts.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portret_van_Balthasar_Geeraerts.jpg/411px-Portret_van_Balthasar_Geeraerts.jpg" /> Williams was recognised as an expert on military matters by his contemporaries, and wrote <i>A brief discourse of war</i> (1590).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In 1585 he was sent to the Low Countries with an army under the Earl of Leicester's command, to confront the Spanish forces under the Duke of Parma. Though the campaign was not a success, Leicester wrote: "Roger Williams is worth his weight in gold, for he is noe more valiant than he is wise" and he was duly knighted after the Battle of Zutphen in 1586 by Leicester.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Williams accompanied Sir Francis Drake to Portugal, and later fought on behalf of the French Huguenots.<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Sluis_view.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In 1587, Williams and his regiment were in Sluys (Sluis) when the Duke of Parma laid siege to the town. After a heroic defence, marked by acts of heroism and genius on both sides, the English and Dutch defenders were forced to surrender on 4 August.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Parma gave generous terms; the garrison marched out with all their banners and baggage and all the honours of war. Parma sought Williams out and offered him a command where he would not have to fight either his fellow-countrymen or his co-religionists. Williams replied politely that if he ever fought in the service of any other than his queen, Elizabeth, it would be in the service "of that hero of the Protestant cause, King Henry of Navarre." He went on to serve Henry during the late 1580s and 1590s. He also fought for the Protestant Elector of Cologne<img alt="File:Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gebhard_Truchsess_von_Waldburg.jpg" height="640" width="490" />,Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, and fought with the Dutch soldier of fortune, Martin Schenck von Nydeggen in Westphalia.<img alt="File:Maarten Schenk van Nydeggen (1540-1589).jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Maarten_Schenk_van_Nydeggen_%281540-1589%29.jpg" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> The battle was won by the Spanish. Months later, officers Stanley and York gave Zutphen up to the Spanish, along with the city of Deventer.<img src="http://deventersights.webs.com/Brink%20Deventer.jpg" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">fEssex first came to court in 1584, and by 1587 had become a favourite of the Queen, who relished his lively mind and eloquence, as well as his skills as a showman and in courtly love. In June 1587 he replaced the Earl of Leicester as Master of the Horse. After Leicester's death in 1588, the Queen transferred the late Earl's royal monopoly on sweet wines to Essex, providing him with revenue from taxes.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Essex underestimated the Queen, however, and his later behaviour towards her lacked due respect and showed disdain for the influence of her principal secretary, Robert Cecil.<img alt="File:Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury by John De Critz the Elder (2).jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder_%282%29.jpg/486px-Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder_%282%29.jpg" /> On one occasion during a heated Privy Council debate on the problems in Ireland, the Queen reportedly cuffed an insolent Essex round the ear, prompting him to half draw his sword on her.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In 1589, he took part in Francis Drake's English Armada, <img alt="File:1590 or later Marcus Gheeraerts, Sir Francis Drake Buckland Abbey, Devon.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/1590_or_later_Marcus_Gheeraerts%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_Buckland_Abbey%2C_Devon.jpg/439px-1590_or_later_Marcus_Gheeraerts%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_Buckland_Abbey%2C_Devon.jpg" />which sailed to Spain in an unsuccessful attempt to press home the English advantage following the defeat of the Spanish Armada; the Queen had ordered him not to take part in the expedition, but he only returned upon the failure to take Lisbon. In 1591, he was given command of a force sent to the assistance of King Henry IV of France.<img alt="File:HenriIV.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HenriIV.jpg/480px-HenriIV.jpg" /> In 1596, he distinguished himself by the capture of Cadiz.<img alt="File:Insula Gaditana.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Insula_Gaditana.jpg/793px-Insula_Gaditana.jpg" /> During the Islands Voyage expedition to the Azores in 1597<img alt="File:Azoren (14).jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Azoren_%2814%29.jpg/800px-Azoren_%2814%29.jpg" />, with Walter Raleigh as his second in command, he defied the Queen's orders, pursuing the treasure fleet without first defeating the Spanish battle fleet</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The Islands Voyage was an English campaign against the Portuguese colonies in the Azores in 1597 as part of the Anglo–Spanish War. It was led by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex with Sir Walter Raleigh as his second in command - other participants included Jacob Astley,<img alt="File:Hand of John Heydon.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hand_of_John_Heydon.jpg/800px-Hand_of_John_Heydon.jpg" /><span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px; text-align: -webkit-center;">Hand of Sir John Heydon (1588 – 1653),</span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px; text-align: -webkit-center;">cuted off in a duel with Sir Robert Mansel</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px; text-align: -webkit-center;">in January </span>1600<span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px; text-align: -webkit-center;">.</span> Robert Mansell, and the poet John Donne.As stated Essex defied Elizabeth I's orders, pursuing the treasure fleet without first defeating the Spanish battle fleet commanded by Alonso de Bazán,<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHeHs6Cx_bZPvQHjiUVuGIbj5aocWrBB8jZApuJcYDXcpu1mdmlHdAsqP5U3lR65oUqEB5klc4pJeUea6rxdbU8ajPrIqJdNtEOOOOySLrq0LfYWMbVBq0cpJyrKAehjRhO4sMTTnelTOr/s640/bazanfg.jpg" height="640" width="624" /> and so the voyage proved a failure. It was thus the last major expedition sent to sea by Elizabeth I and contributed to Essex's decline in favour with Elizabeth.Essex's greatest failure was as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, a post which he talked himself into in 1599. The Nine Years War (1595–1603) was in its middle stages, and no English commander had been successful. More military force was required to defeat the Irish chieftains, led by Hugh O'Neill, the Earl of Tyrone, and supplied from Spain and Scotland.<img alt="File:Aodh Mór Uî Néill (anglicisé comme) Hugh The Great O'Neill) (c. 1550 – 20 July 1616).JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Aodh_M%C3%B3r_U%C3%AE_N%C3%A9ill_%28anglicis%C3%A9_comme%29_Hugh_The_Great_O%27Neill%29_%28c._1550_%E2%80%93_20_July_1616%29.JPG" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Essex led the largest expeditionary force ever sent to Ireland — 16,000 troops — with orders to put an end to the rebellion. He departed London to the cheers of the Queen's subjects, and it was expected that the rebellion would be crushed instantly. But the limits of Crown resources and of the Irish campaigning season dictated another course. Essex had declared to the Privy Council that he would confront O'Neill in Ulster. But instead, Essex led his army into southern Ireland, fought a series of inconclusive engagements, wasted his funds, and dispersed his army into garrisons. The Irish forces then won several victories. Instead of facing O'Neill in battle, Essex had to make a truce with the rebel leader that was considered humiliating to the Crown and to the detriment of English authority.<img src="http://deadpubs.co.uk/LondonPubs/Islington/EarlEssex.jpg" height="546" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In all of his campaigns, Essex secured the loyalties of his officers by conferring knighthoods, an honour which the Queen herself dispensed sparingly. By the end of his time in Ireland, more than half the knights in England owed their rank to Essex. The rebels were said to have joked that "he never drew sword but to make knights." But his practice of conferring knighthoods could in time enable Essex to challenge the powerful factions at Cecil's command.THE EARL OF ESSEX PUB IN DANBURY ST ISLINGTON FLYING THE COLOURS LOL</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">He was the second Chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin, serving from 1598 to 1601.Relying on his general warrant to return to England, given under the great seal, Essex sailed from Ireland on 24 September 1599, and reached London four days later. The Queen had expressly forbidden his return and was surprised when he presented himself in her bedchamber one morning at Nonsuch Palace,<img alt="File:Nonsuch.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Nonsuch.JPG/800px-Nonsuch.JPG" /> before she was properly wigged or gowned. On that day, the Privy Council met three times, and it seemed his disobedience might go unpunished, although the Queen did confine him to his rooms with the comment that "an unruly beast must be stopped of his provender."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br />During his confinement at York House, Essex probably communicated with King James VI of Scotland through <img alt="File:James I of England by Daniel Mytens.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg/414px-James_I_of_England_by_Daniel_Mytens.jpg" height="640" width="442" />Lord Mountjoy,<img alt="File:Sir Charles Blount c 1594.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Sir_Charles_Blount_c_1594.jpg" height="640" width="571" /> although any plans he may have had at that time to help the Scots king capture the English throne came to nothing. In October, Mountjoy was appointed to replace him in Ireland, and matters seemed to look up for the Earl. In November, the queen was reported to have said that the truce with O'Neill was "so seasonably made... as great good... has grown by it." Others in the Council were willing to justify Essex's return to Ireland, on the grounds of the urgent necessity of a briefing by the commander-in-chief.Essex appeared before the full Council on 29 September, when he was compelled to stand before the Council during a five hour interrogation. The Council — his uncle William Knollys included — took a quarter of an hour to compile a report, which declared that his truce with O'Neill was indefensible and his flight from Ireland tantamount to a desertion of duty. He was committed to the custody of Sir Richard Berkeley in<img alt="File:SirRichardBerkeleyGauntsChapelBristol.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SirRichardBerkeleyGauntsChapelBristol.jpg/450px-SirRichardBerkeleyGauntsChapelBristol.jpg" /> his own York House on 1 October,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>York House</b> in the Strand in London was one of a string of mansions which once stood along the route from the City of London to the royal court at Westminster. It was built as the London home of the Bishops of Norwich not later than 1237, and around 300 years later it was acquired by King Henry VIII. It came to be known as York House when it was granted to the Archbishop of York in 1556 and retained that name for the rest of its existence. Its neighbors were Suffolk House (later Northumberland House), on the west and Durham House, London residence of the Bishop of Durham, to the east. For about seventy years from 1558 it was leased to various Lord Keepers of the Great Seal of England. In the 1620s it was acquired by the royal favourite George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, and after an interlude during the English Civil War it was returned to George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, who sold it to developers for £30,000 in 1672. He made it a condition of the sale that his name and full title should be commemorated by George Street, Villiers Street, Duke Street, Of Alley, and Buckingham Street. Some of these streets are still extant, though Of Alley has been renamed York Place, Duke Street is now John Adam Street and George Street is now York Buildings. Villiers Street runs along the eastern side of Charing Cross railway station.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The Italianate York Water Gate, built about 1626 (2009)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The mansions facing in the Strand were built where they were partly because they had direct access from their garden fronts to the Thames, which was then a preferred transport artery. The <b>York Watergate</b> (also known as <i>Buckingham Watergate</i>), built ca. 1626, survives, now marooned 150 yards (137 m) from the river, within the Embankment Gardens, due to the construction of the Thames Embankment. With the Banqueting House it is one of the few surviving reminders in London of the Italianate court style of Charles I. Its boldly rusticated design in a confident Serlian manner has been attributed to Sir Balthazar Gerbier, to Inigo Jones himself and to the sculptor and master-mason Nicholas Stone. It was restored in the 1950s.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>Sampson and a Philistine</i>, by Giambologna</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The York House Conference that assembled there in February 1626 ended unsatisfactorily with the final rupture of Puritan members of Parliament with Buckingham. York House was the setting for a masque presented before their majesties in May 1627, in which Buckingham appeared followed by "Envy, with divers open-mouthed dogs' heads representing the people’s barking, while next came Fame and Truth", just before his departure for his unsuccessful second foray against France.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The first Duke granted lodgings at York House to the painter Orazio Gentileschi,<img alt="File:Orazio Gentileschi.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Orazio_Gentileschi.jpg/552px-Orazio_Gentileschi.jpg" /> and to Sir Balthazar Gerbier,<img alt="File:Balthasar Gerbier - Het Gulden Cabinet.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Balthasar_Gerbier_-_Het_Gulden_Cabinet.png/433px-Balthasar_Gerbier_-_Het_Gulden_Cabinet.png" /> diplomat and sometime painter; though after the Duke's assassination in 1628, the Duchess tried to expel him, it was in Gerbier's lodgings that Peter Paul Rubens soujourned during his visit to London this following year. An inventory of the contents of York House drawn up in 1635 is mined by scholars both for the light it sheds on one of the handful of great art collections formed in the circle of Charles I, and the furnishings of a fashionable Early Stuart nobleman's residence. In the 'Great Chamber' twenty-two paintings were displayed with fifty-nine pieces of Roman sculpture, many of which were heads. In the 'Gallery' were a further thirty-one further heads and statues. Apparently the only modern sculpture at York House was<img alt="File:Goltzius-Bologna.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Goltzius-Bologna.png" />Giambologna's <i>SS</i><i>amson and a Philistine</i>, a royal gift from Philip IV of Spain to Charles I, who passed it to his favourite, Buckingham.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In the early 19th century the designation <i>York House</i> was revived by the palatial York House, built in the Stable Yard, St. James's Palace, for the Duke of York, brother of George IV and heir apparent. Foundations were begun for a designs by Robert Smirke, who was quickly replaced by Benjamin Dean Wyatt and his brother Philip; when the Duke died in 1827, deeply in debt and the house unfinished, it was subsequently completed as Stafford House; its gilded interiors by Sir Charles Barry for Stafford's heir, the Duke of Sutherland, inspired Queen Victoria's famous remark about "coming from my house to your palace".</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The name is carried today by a commercial building in Portugal Street, Kingsway, London.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/York_Watergate.jpg"><img alt="File:York Watergate.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/York_Watergate.jpg" height="391" width="600" /></a> and he blamed Cecil and Raleigh for the queen's hostility. <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/York_Water_Gate%2C_Victoria_Embankment_1.jpg"><img alt="File:York Water Gate, Victoria Embankment 1.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/York_Water_Gate%2C_Victoria_Embankment_1.jpg/800px-York_Water_Gate%2C_Victoria_Embankment_1.jpg" height="533" width="800" /></a>Raleigh advised Cecil to see to it that Essex did not recover power, and Essex appeared to heed advice to retire from public life, despite his popularity with the public.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Cecil kept up the pressure and, on 5 June 1600, Essex was tried before a commission of 18 men. He had to hear the charges and evidence on his knees. Essex was convicted, was deprived of public office, and was returned to virtual confinement.In August, his freedom was granted, but the source of his basic income—the sweet wines monopoly—was not renewed. His situation had become desperate, and he shifted "from sorrow and repentance to rage and rebellion." In early 1601, he began to fortify Essex House, his town mansion on the Strand, and gathered his followers.The property occupied the site where the Outer Temple, part of the London headquarters of the Knights Templar, had previously stood , and was immediately adjacent to the Middle Temple, then one of the four principal Inns of Court.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The house fronted The Strand and was adjacent to the Middle Temple <img alt="File:Middle Temple by Thomas Shepherd c.1830.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Middle_Temple_by_Thomas_Shepherd_c.1830.jpg" /> of the London headquarters of the Knights Templar. It was re-named Essex House after being inherited by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex in 1588. The house was substantial. In 1590, it was recorded as having 42 bedrooms, plus a picture gallery, kitchens, outhouses, a banqueting suite and a chapel.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Essex’s mother, Lettice Knollys, leased out the house for a while, but she moved in later with her new husband, Sir Christopher Blount, as well as her son and his family. After the executions of Blount and Essex, she continued to live there until her death, leasing part of the house to James Hay, the first Earl of Carlisle. The house then became the property ofRobert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, who leased part of it to his brother-in-law, William<img alt="File:William Seymour, Marquess of Hertford, later Duke of Somerset (1588-1660), Attributed to Gilbert Jackson (1622 - 1640).jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/William_Seymour%2C_Marquess_of_Hertford%2C_later_Duke_of_Somerset_%281588-1660%29%2C_Attributed_to_Gilbert_Jackson_%281622_-_1640%29.jpg/437px-William_Seymour%2C_Marquess_of_Hertford%2C_later_Duke_of_Somerset_%281588-1660%29%2C_Attributed_to_Gilbert_Jackson_%281622_-_1640%29.jpg" /> Seymour, 1st Marquess of Hertford. After the English Civil War, the family lost ownership as a result of their debts. Following the Restoration and the death of William Seymour, Sir Orlando Bridgeman <img alt="File:Portrait of Orlando Bridgeman by Robert White 1682.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Portrait_of_Orlando_Bridgeman_by_Robert_White_1682.jpg/432px-Portrait_of_Orlando_Bridgeman_by_Robert_White_1682.jpg" />lived in the house for a time. When the Duchess of Somerset died in 1674, she left the house to her granddaughter, whose husband, Sir Thomas Thynne, sold it, along with the adjoining lands and properties.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-6kFWCJcYyyiO7pq3vp5QTkaJ88yLFzdnkobh-MlMuByfKWU22_9mKs2eQvQMbZyXa5nUsU_AJDWk7f7mJbZYHvoUPnVUoy0ZgcnRDdlBxycpZgoM2mL3ISksqsMwHRoqtwERR-tnr6Ay/s320/000_6416.jpg" /></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The main part of the house was demolished some time between 1674 and 1679. Essex Street was built on part of the site. One of those buildings was used in the mid-1770s as aDissenters' meeting house known as </span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_sPtaJJqB9G6LvZ1ii6PT1D_iCc0xYlvFxbb1ksAi8Iw9a5Mr880BswS7gvXJHzYtYQ5ioq80l7RqCLDpXFXzrNtW8hV7R27LPR-gkX32usuL8q3IffL57fupk02EzCp1NXIu7zO-A4kn/s1600/000_0891.jpg" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">the Essex Street Chapel, where Unitarianism was first preached in England. The denominational headquarters <img src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/london-remembers/images/big/43283.jpg?1319372425" />are still on the site, now called Essex Hall. Their building footprint is believed to include the Tudor chapel of Essex House On the morning of 8 February, he marched out of Essex House with a party of nobles and gentlemen </span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKrq4QbXb9CgCe26E_slyTt9L5ot_RNEInRiFzBaD4g7AzG9_mC0IXWX3GVrEyhj3sXnlkIa4Q-Q4SHusqTL1QtJ0IQPhS8HUXP6eGTL2GkCNY7XiTRqI60R3rsdYbSEhpbPVYB1QYg8pB/s1600/000_0893.jpg" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(some later involved in the 1605 Gunpowder Plot) and entered the city of London in an attempt to force </span><img src="http://www.michtoy.com/HmichtoyTOYsoldier.php?michtoyPROD=michtoy2010/products/Picture4_Morgan_Miniatures_MRN-CON021_4.jpg&geurlar=700&teurhau=500" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">an audience with the Queen. Cecil immediately had him proclaimed a traitor. Finding no support among the Londoners, Essex retreated from the city, and surrendered after the Crown forces besieged Essex House.On 19 February 1601, Essex was tried before his peers on charges of treason. </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Part of the evidence showed that he was in favour of toleration of religious dissent. In his own evidence, he countered the charge of dealing with Catholics, swearing that "papists have been hired and suborned to witness against me." Essex also asserted that Cecil had stated that none in the world but the Infanta of Spain</span><img alt="File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Infantes.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Heraldic_Crown_of_Spanish_Infantes.svg/249px-Heraldic_Crown_of_Spanish_Infantes.svg.png" height="449" style="color: white;" width="640" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> had right to the Crown of England, whereupon Cecil (who had been following the trial at a doorway concealed behind some tapestry) stepped out to make a dramatic denial, going down on his knees to give thanks to God for the opportunity. The witness whom Essex expected to confirm this allegation, his uncle William Knollys, was called and admitted there had once been read in Cecil's presence a book treating such matters (possibly either </span><i style="color: white;">The book of succession</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> supposedly by an otherwise unknown R. Doleman but probably really by Robert Persons </span><img alt="File:Robert Persons.gif" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7d/Robert_Persons.gif" height="640" style="color: white;" width="520" /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">or </span><i style="color: white;">A Conference about the Next Succession to the Crown of England</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> explicitly mentioned to be by Parsons, in which a Catholic successor friendly to Spain was favored). However he denied he had heard Cecil make the statement. Thanking God again, Cecil expressed his gratitude that Essex was exposed as a traitor while he himself was found an honest man.</span><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD7CI9ILGBXX4PX1BtCQpDhQ0-ESRNvQAT5jHsFOdUtUOWlpwLnpIg6wlFzxXs00LUdFvbVLE2FImzU16K9I2aFvDSRz6zj_-uYnMoQ1C8iNr2VnnonJXL-eR0GjrIK06BOZOooW5Gstkg/s640/guillotine_15229_lg.gif" height="640" style="color: white;" width="516" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Essex was found guilty and, on 25 February 1601, was beheaded on Tower Green, becoming the last person to be beheaded in the Tower of London. It was reported to have taken three strokes by the executioner Thomas Derrick to complete the beheading. At Sir Walter Raleigh's own treason trial later on, in 1603, it was alleged that Raleigh had said to a co-conspirator, "Do not, as my Lord Essex did, take heed of a preacher. By his persuasion he confessed, and made himself guilty." In that same trial, Raleigh also denied that he had stood at a window during the execution of Essex's sentence, disdainfully puffing out tobacco smoke in sight of the condemned man.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Some days before the execution, Captain Thomas Lee <img alt="File:Captain Thomas Lee by Marcus Gheeraerts.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Captain_Thomas_Lee_by_Marcus_Gheeraerts.jpg/372px-Captain_Thomas_Lee_by_Marcus_Gheeraerts.jpg" height="640" width="396" />was apprehended as he kept watch on the door to the Queen's chambers. His plan had been to confine her until she signed a warrant for the release of Essex. Capt. Lee, who had served in Ireland with the Earl, and who acted as go-between with the Ulster rebels, was tried and put to death the next day.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Devereux's conviction for treason meant that the earldom of Essex was forfeit, and his son did not inherit the title<img src="http://www.traditionoflondon.com/Products/Images/Tradition_Scandinavia/30mm_War_game_figures_Willie/30mm_Willie_M11a.jpg" />. However, after the Queen's death, King James I reinstated the earldom in favour of the disinherited son, Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex<img alt="File:Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Robert_Devereux%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Essex.jpg" height="640" width="444" /></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-16400266682768144992015-04-13T18:20:00.000+01:002015-04-14T10:06:41.742+01:00Anatov AN 2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img src="http://www.italeri.com/imgup/1367_box.jpg" /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.8999996185303px;">The An-2 is a monstrosity, it is the largest single engine bi-plane ever built. And built it was, Russia produced 5,000 examples, Poland produced 12,000 and China, well no one really knows how many China produced but presumably oodles of An-2s noodle over the skies of China. An-2s are still being produced in occasional odd lots.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.8999996185303px;">Not exactly like any plane ever made in the west. When the An-2 first became known to western observers, most of them laughed hysterically and considered the An-2 as proof positive that the Russians were a backward bunch of simpletons. Even knowledgeable observers who knew Russia wasn't planning to ever use this plane to fight hand-in-hand with its MiGs to defeat the debauched capitalists, still considered it to be a wee bit rudimentary. After all, the fuselage section was that of a C-47 (DC-3, from the licensed built Li-2) only cut down in length by approximately one-half.</span><img alt="Anton A2Police AirForce" src="http://www.bush-planes.com/images/AntonA2PoliceAirForce.jpg" /></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The engine is a Russian development of the Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9. The AN-2 engines have been approved for installation on deHavilland Otters, which originally featured the Pratt & Whitney Wasp engine that produced 600 hp.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.8999996185303px;">Also, AN-2s can be bought and sold in the west relatively cheaply. It is not unheard of for these huge biplanes to sell, in flying condition, for $30,000. Few if any, ever envisioned the Cold War would end in this manner.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.8999996185303px;">As mentioned earlier, the Russians never intended this plane to fly alongside its MiG-15, and 17 to attack the imperialists, instead, it was designed as a Russian equivalent to a bush plane. In that respect, Russia had a winner and the plane was a natural design for the Russian country. To understand this, let's consider Russia, then and now, and it will be easy to see why the An-2 was such a winner. Russia covers 11 time zones which by all rights makes it a big country. Much of this land is covered with birch and pine trees (like Alaska and Canada) and few roads or airports exist in these vast areas. Southern Russia ranges from vast steppes to outright deserts and, once again, there is a distinct lack of infrastructure.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.8999996185303px;">The An-2, which has outstanding STOL capabilities, is perfect for these varied, but inhospitable lands. The An-2 is happy to fly along at 35 mph and because the top wing is fitted with slats, an An-2 really won't stall. Like the Helio, it will just start to sink if it is flown too slowly, but it won't truly stall. On the negative side, the An-2 is no speedster, 100-120 mph is a typical cruise speed and if a pilot gives it full throttle and aims it straight down, he or she might see the airspeed indicator crowd up to 145 mph.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.8999996185303px;">With all of this in mind, one might naturally wonder why the An-2 is not more common in the bush. Because the An-2 was never licensed under any relevant airworthiness authorities, there are pretty severe restrictions on its use in the west. It cannot be used for profit, it cannot fly more than 300 miles away from its home base and it can't land anywhere other than its home base. Planes built in Poland are arguably exempt from these restrictions (because of reciprocal licensing agreements) but still, the An-2 is not common in the west.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.8999996185303px;">Even aside from the restrictions, the An-2 is a big, fuel hungry bird. It burns approximately 50 gph in cruise, gulps oil by the gallon all while plodding through the sky at 100 mph. In other words, the An-2 is a little much for a private owner that cannot pack it full of revenue paying passengers or cargo. The An-2 is also an old plane, with old systems. What this means in practical terms is the An-2 is not a "get in it and go" airplane, it easily takes a half hour just to preflight an An-2. All of this becomes a bit much for a pilot that wants to enjoy relatively limited flights around the home base.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.8999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.8999996185303px;">Maintenance is also questionable on these old Russian birds, despite assurances from internet sellers that maintenance is "absolutely no problem." One has to wonder what a mechanic's eyes would do if you rolled up in an An-2 and said, "Hey, how about annualing my bird?" Sheer terror and/or dollar signs would likely be reflected in the mechanic's eyes and neither bodes too well for the aircraft owner.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">There's also many seeming trifling things about An-2s which become really big deals when one attempts to own one of them. Want to know what the pilot's manual says about such-and-such? You better be pretty good at the Cyrillic alphabet and reading Russian (or Chinese, or Polish) because that's likely what your books will be in on this plane—that is if you even get any books with it. Want to convince the local authorities that the Cold War is over and it really is okay to toot around the sky in a russkie airplane? Well good luck, some people will never take a liking to the An-2 despite its obvious redeeming qualities.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">In short, the An-2 is a great airplane that is perfect for the bush but will probably never be seen in great numbers. If you're loaded with bucks, don't have anywhere particular to go and just absolutely have to take 12 or so of your best friends with you, then the An-2 might be perfect for you. Otherwise, you are advised to steer clear of the otherwise sweet, big Russian bird.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.8999996185303px;">Watch as a team of British, German and American paratroopers try the Soviet style low altitude air assault jump from an Antonov AN-2 aircraft. Jump altitude is from 100 meters (300 feet). Parachute is the Soviet D1-5-U with Z-5 reserve. This video is dated February 1998 and takes place in Volosovo, Russia.</span><img src="http://www.italeri.com/gest/resize.asp?path=1367_illustrazioneLR.jpg&width=530&height=330" /></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8350836114579619941.post-57313831678812499842015-04-13T18:07:00.001+01:002015-04-13T18:07:58.411+01:00the russian victory<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img src="http://www.italeri.com/gest/resize.asp?path=6112_tavolaLR.jpg&width=530&height=330" height="399" width="640" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 21.6000003814697px; text-align: justify;">The idea that the United States was the savior of Europe in World Wars I and II is popular in some circles on both sides of the Atlantic, but is demonstrably false.</span><img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/9yEAAMXQCZ1Tc3Zz/$_57.JPG" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 21.6000003814697px; text-align: justify;"> Between the formal entry of the United States into the Great War in April 1917 and the last German offensive in March 1918, hundreds of thousands of Entente </span><img src="http://i200.photobucket.com/albums/aa229/davidjamesleonard/IMG_5523_zps80ee356d.jpg" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 21.6000003814697px; text-align: justify;">soldiers were killed, mainly British in the summer and autumn of 1917 after the frightful slaughter of the French army in the spring; and in that period of nearly a year, fewer than two hundred Americans died.</span><img src="http://www.italeri.com/imgup/6112_foto_tedeschi_profiloLR.jpg" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 21.6000003814697px; text-align: justify;"> In the course of that war, the Frenchmen killed defending their country were twice as numerous as all theAmericans who have died in every foreign war taken together from 1776 until today. (the soldiers ofgothatone are sold on ebay)</span><img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/QusAAOSwQJ5URsdz/$_57.JPG" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 21.6000003814697px; text-align: justify;">As a matter of historical fact, the Third Reich was defeated by the Red Army and not by the Western democracies. Even though over one hundred thirty-five thousand American GIs died – a startling figure today – between D day and V-E day, more than ten million Russians were killed.</span><img src="http://www.italeri.com/imgup/6112_foto_T34_profiloLR.jpg" /><br />
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It was Stalin’s blindness to Hitler’s pre-invasion manoeuvres that allowed the Germans to occupy Russia’s industrial heartland at a stroke.To retreat was a crime against the motherland: in 1941 and ’42, according to the historian Dmitri Volkogonov, 157,593 men were executed for “cowardice”.<img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/AsMAAOSwcu5URsd5/$_57.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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The Soviets’ contribution to the war effort, which was vast and decisive. In fact it’s even <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">more</em> marvelous what they accomplished, given the handicaps imposed by their leaders. Without the Soviet contribution, the western democracies couldn’t have defeated Hitler’s armies on their own. But could the Soviets, fighting on <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">their</em> own, have defeated Hitler – say, if the democracies had capitulated after the fall of France?<img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/shEAAOxynwlTcTbp/$_57.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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Perhaps a better way to compare the effectiveness of the western and eastern armies is not to compare Allied deaths but to compare <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">German</em> deaths. Estimates vary widely, but since I’m looking for a ratio rather than a total, . For military deaths only:</div>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Killed by Soviet Union</strong></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Killed by other Allies</strong> <a href="https://orangeraisin.wordpress.com/2010/06/24/did-the-red-army-defeat-the-third-reich/#redarmy3" sl-processed="1" style="color: #bb4411; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2,742,909</td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">534,683</td></tr>
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The Red Army was roughly 5.5 times as lethal as the other Allied forces combined.<img src="http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/z/k28AAOSwofxUfN1C/$_57.JPG" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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The Third Reich was defeated by the Red Army and not by the Western democracies. Germans willingly surrended to the allies rather than fight on against the Red Army as the knew what surrender meant <img src="http://www.italeri.com/imgup/6112_box.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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Germans were much better off on the West front as the figures below show </div>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Killed in action</strong></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Missing</strong></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">KIA + missing</strong></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Eastern front:</strong></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1,105,987</td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1,018,365</td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2,124,352</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">West + southwest:</strong></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">157,523</td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">603,695</td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">761,488</td></tr>
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(These data omit the final months of the war, and also exclude Navy and Air Force deaths.) Note that on Germany’s eastern front the number of confirmed deaths slightly exceeds the number of missing, while in the west and southwest (i.e. western Europe, Italy, and Africa) the number of missing is <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">almost four times</em> the number of confirmed deaths.<img src="http://www.italeri.com/imgup/6112_foto_T34_sfocLR.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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Regardless of how many German soldiers the Soviets killed or captured, they tied up the bulk of the Third Reich’s military capacity. It’s no great achievement to take a German bullet, but that’s one less bullet the Germans have to fire elsewhere. The Red Army held off the Germans at the critical point in the war, allowing the Americans and Brits to get organized and open up a second front.</div>
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Millions of Russians died so that millions of Americans didn’t have to. </div>
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The myth that American GIs dealt Nazism its greatest blow on the cliffs of Omaha Beach is obvious if we understand that DDay would have been a disaster if the red army had not defeated the bulk of the German army.</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 21.6000003814697px;">Without Russian fighting power in Europe and in time the United states would have ceased to exist </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 21.6000003814697px;">would have been purely and simply wiped off the map </span><img src="http://www.italeri.com/imgup/6096_sprue.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;" /></div>
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The Americans massive financial help only staved off certain defeat,<span style="line-height: 21.6000003814697px;">the armaments, food, and other assistance supplied to the Allies by the United States under the lend-lease program.But it is will that wins wars and that will manifested itself in the best tanks of WW2 , tanks win wars at least then .If you do not believe this then look at the Italian army wiped off the face of battle because they lacked a tank able to withstand the not so deadly British ones( and British ones were knocked out easily by panzers)</span></div>
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